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Since the days of Charles Darwin, the long necks of giraffes have been a textbook example of evolution. The theory goes that as giraffe ancestors competed for food, those with longer necks were able to reach higher leaves, getting a leg-up or neck-up over shorter animals.

But a very unusual prehistoric giraffe relative reveals that, in addition to finding food, fighting may have driven early neck evolution. In a study published Thursday in Science, a team of paleontologists described the Discokeryx(獬豸盘角鹿), a giraffe ancestor, as having a helmet-like head and large neck vertebrae(脊椎).The Discokeryx evolved like this to absorb and deliver skull-cracking collisions to seek mates and defeat competitors.

“It shows that giraffe evolution is not just lengthening the neck,” said Jin Meng,a paleontologist at the American Museum of Natural History and co-author of the new study.

Head-butting is an ancient and widespread form of conflict solution. Dinosaurs like Pachycephalosaurs have firm skulls(头骨), and knocking heads remain common in bighorn sheep, chameleons and even whales.

But the researchers suggested that the Discokeryx was uniquely expert at head-to-head fight. The team estimated that collisions between Discokeryxes were likely twice as forceful as head-butting muskoxen, which strike each other at nearly 25 mph.

The series of interlocking neck joints haven’t been discovered in any other vertebrate(脊椎动物),living or dead,giving the Discokeryx the greatest head-bashing equipment yet discovered, according to the researchers. “This animal is an extreme example of using head-butting as a fighting tool,” Meng said.

【小题1】What do we know about the Discokeryx?
A.Its evolution helps make and bear crashes.
B.It has tiny neck vertebrae.
C.Its thin neck can stretch to find mates.
D.It has a horn-like head.
【小题2】What does the research find?
A.Whales move at the speed of 25 mph.
B.Muskoxen are good at giving a side attack.
C.Many vertebrates have amazing neck joints.
D.Discokeryxes hit opponents with big power.
【小题3】What is the text mainly about?
A.How Jin Meng completed a research paper.
B.Why giraffes’ necks evolve so long.
C.How the impact force between Discokeryxes is measured.
D.Why giraffes’ development goes against Charles Darwin’s theory.
【小题4】Where can the text be found?
A.In a:history book.
B.In a story collection.
C.In a science magazine.
D.In a celebrity biography.
23-24高三上·云南·阶段练习
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There’s no end of dangerous sports to try out in Southern Africa-bungee jumping, skydiving, water rafting. But for a new rush, how about swimming face to face with a killer shark?

The public seems interested in finding danger in this activity. Cape Town’s aquarium has been filled with divers who want to swim with the sharks since it opened its tanks to paying visitors last month. Around 70 tourists aged between 12 and 40 have paid 275 rand (US $55) each to spend up to an hour with Maxine, Dee and Floyd, the aquarium’s three sharks.

And conservationists say the project should help change the damage done to the shark’s image by the popular movie Jaws.

“People will always pay money to be a bit daring,” said Paul Loetter, an aquarium diver. “Most people think every shark is dangerous, but they’ve got the wrong idea.”

Each visitor can swim with the sharks and other fish that share their tank, guarded by aquarium divers armed only with a stick to keep off any over-friendly sharks.

“This is part of a communication and education programme to show sharks are not as bad as everyone makes out,” said Tony McGyre, operations manager at the aquarium.

Len Compagno, head of the South African shark research center, agreed. “It’s no joke to play around with a big dog. In the same way, a three-metre-long shark could put a few holes in you.” he said.

【小题1】We may infer that in the movie Jaws________.
A.sharks are hunted everywhereB.sharks kill other sea animals
C.sharks are disappearing in the seaD.sharks are man eaters
【小题2】What Len Compagno said really means that________.
A.you had better be careful when you get close to sharks
B.you needn’t be too serious about sharks
C.sharks are more dangerous than big dogs
D.sharks are as friendly to people as dogs
【小题3】The author’s purpose in writing the passage is to tell us that________.
A.sharks are not as bad as everyone makes out
B.people will always pay money to be a bit daring
C.there’s no end of dangerous sports in Southern Africa
D.the public seems interested in finding danger in swimming with a killer shark
【小题4】We can learn that Maxine, Dee and Floyd are________.
A.workers in the aquariumB.the aquarium’s three sharks
C.conservationistsD.divers in the aquarium

Leif Richardson, who is a conservation biologist, and I are out with the goal of piecing together a picture of where wild bees live, and which species are in trouble in the home range of a native bee called Crotch’s bumble bee (大黄蜂). That bee is protected by the state law, and it’s one of the many species under survey.

Our journey began at the foot of a mountain in Leo Carrillo State Park. It was a cloudy morning. We set off for a short hike, armed with bee nets and a cooler to cool any bees we would catch. It’s a harmless way to temporarily calm the bees, and to allow for more careful study and photos.

Just a minute later, as Richardson walked into a meadow (草地), I heard him scream, followed by a snake! He stood there frozen for a moment before backing away towards the path, and then the snake went away.

We were a little more careful with the possibilities then, as we prepared to catch our first bees. They were not hard to find—I could hear them buzzing everywhere, and soon Richardson said it was time for me to catch one.

He told me to pinch (捏住) the tip of my net and held it upright, while slowly lowering it over a flower where our bumble bee was standing. As soon as the bee realized what was going on, it buzzed furiously inside my net, and then slowly climbed up the net towards the tip right where my finger was.

It all seemed like a high possibility to get stung (被蜇). But Richardson assured me I would be fine. He had some advice for holding it. “You’re going to pinch harder than you think you need to, but not so hard that you hurt the bee.” As my fingertips got closer to the bee, it felt like I could hear it buzzing louder and louder. Richardson performed this whole process in seconds. For me, on the other hand, it was a nervous act of much concentration. But it paid off—and soon, I got my very first bee!

【小题1】What did Richardson come across on the way?
A.A sudden rain.B.A snake.C.A bee net.D.A cooler.
【小题2】What is paragraph 5mainly about?
A.The process of bee-catching.B.The present situation of bumble bees.
C.The challenge of finding a bumble bee.D.The purpose of studying bumble bees.
【小题3】What can we know about Richardson’s bee catching?
A.He failed.B.He got stung.C.He was nervous.D.He was professional.
【小题4】What is the best title for the text?
A.A Love of NatureB.A New Law for Bumble Bee
C.An Outing for Bumble BeeD.A Trip to Leo Carrillo State Park

If you’re new to San Francisco, paying the city a visit, or simply looking for a new playground for you and your dog, here are four of the finest dog parks in San Francisco.

Corona Heights Dog Park

Often visited by residents from all over the city because of its nearness to the Randall Museum, Corona Heights Dog Park offers pets and owners breathtaking view after a steep hillside climb, and a fenced dog area that allows dogs to let loose without a leash (狗链). Owners will also enjoy the playground, tennis courts and basketball courts.

Dolores Dog Park

The grounds of Dolores Park once served as camps for those who were left homeless by the 1906 earthquake, but now are often visited by crowds of Mission District people. Four-legged friends can also wander about care free off-leash while making friends with other members of the doggie community.

Pine Lake Dog Park

Famous for its place as a rest stop for hundreds of species of birds to fly to and from warmer climates, Pine Lake Park is also prized by city dogs and their owners for their nice hiking paths, picturesque lake suited for swimming, and off-leash area on the park’s west end that lets dogs run free.

Buena Vista Dog Park

With a history of 146 years, Buena Vista Park is San Francisco’s oldest park. Dogs and owners with plus energy will love burning it on this park’s steep paths and winding staircases. Dog owners should have good control over their dogs, as it’s quite easy for dogs to get separated when going through Buena Vista’s many twists and turns.

【小题1】What do Corona Heights Dog Park and Dolores Dog Park have in common?
A.There are many steep stairs there.B.Dogs can go around freely there.
C.They serve as camps for the homeless.D.It is suitable for hiking for owners of dog.
【小题2】What is special about Pine Lake Dog Park?
A.It is a good place for all kinds of birds to rest.B.It is close to a museum.
C.Dogs must be on a leash there.D.It is suitable for making friends.
【小题3】Which dog park is suitable for losing weight for owners of the dog?
A.Dolores Dog Park.B.Pine Lake Dog Park.
C.Buena Vista Dog Park.D.Corona Heights Dog Park.

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