In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively _______ work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the _______, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, ___________, that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from _______ without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of _______ people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to _______ to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general _______. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional _______ managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without _______ managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing:__________ the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be __________ with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has __________ been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to __________ that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or __________ management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the __________ of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
【小题1】A.desire | B.seek | C.lose | D.dislike |
【小题2】A.contrary | B.expectation | C.degree | D.extreme |
【小题3】A.vice versa | B.for example | C.however | D.otherwise |
【小题4】A.outside | B.inside | C.below | D.above |
【小题5】A.replacing | B.assessing | C.managing | D.encouraging |
【小题6】A.refer | B.contribute | C.object | D.apply |
【小题7】A.agreement | B.practice | C.election | D.impression |
【小题8】A.bossy | B.experienced | C.western | D.male |
【小题9】A.asking | B.training | C.warning | D.firing |
【小题10】A.doubling | B.maintaining | C.reducing | D.estimating |
【小题11】A.honored | B.left | C.crowded | D.compared |
【小题12】A.economically | B.traditionally | C.inadequately | D.occasionally |
【小题13】A.deny | B.admit | C.assume | D.ensure |
【小题14】A.virtual | B.ineffective | C.day-to-day | D.on-the-scene |
【小题15】A.opinion | B.risk | C.performance | D.attractiveness |