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Even chess experts perform worse when air quality is lower, suggesting a negative effect on cognition(认知). Here’s something else chess players need to keep in check: air pollution.

That’s the bottom line of a newly published study co-authored by a researcher, showing that chess players perform objectively worse and make more suboptimal(次优的) moves, as measured by a computerized analysis of their games, when there is more fine particulate matter(颗粒物) in the air, notated as PM 2.5.

More specifically, given a modest increase in fine particulate matter, the probability that chess players will make an error increases by 2.1 percentage points, and the spectrum of those errors increases by 10.8 percent. In this setting, at least, cleaner air leads to clearer heads and sharper thinking.

“We find that when individuals are exposed to higher levels of air pollution, they make more mistakes, and they make larger mistakes,” says Juan Palacios, an economist in Sustainable Urbanization Lab.

“It’s pure random exposure to air pollution that is driving these people’s performance,” Palacios says. “Against comparable opponents in the same tournament round, being exposed to different levels of air quality makes a difference for move quality and decision quality.”

The researchers also found that when air pollution was worse, the chess players performed even more poorly when under time limitation. “We find it interesting that those mistakes especially occur in the phase of the game where players are facing time pressure,” Palacios says.

“There are more and more papers showing that there is a cost with air pollution, and there is a cost for more and more people,” Palacios says. “And this is just one example showing that even for these very excellent chess players, who think they can beat everything, it seems that with air pollution, they have an enemy who harms them.”

【小题1】What effect does air pollution have on chess players?
A.They make fewer good choices.B.They perform subjectively worse.
C.They suffer body discomfort.D.They lose all games with computers.
【小题2】What does the underlined word “spectrum” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.Magic.B.Process.C.Range.D.Balance.
【小题3】What does Palacios express in the last paragraph?
A.His appeal for attention to chess players.
B.His concern about air pollution.
C.An example of chess players’ performance.
D.Approaches to dealing with air pollution.
【小题4】What’s the main idea of the text?
A.Air pollution is a tough enemy chess players face.
B.Chess players make more and more mistakes.
C.There is a cost with air pollution for more people.
D.Chess players perform poorly under time limitation.
22-23高二下·辽宁辽阳·期末
知识点:环境污染社会问题与社会现象说明文 答案解析 【答案】很抱歉,登录后才可免费查看答案和解析!
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The tradition of giving gifts didn’t start with the modern holidays we celebrate. Many ancient cultures celebrated holidays with the exchange of gifts. People who love to give gifts often can’t wait until it’s time for the recipients to open their gifts. If you’ve ever been given a gift, you know that part of the fun is the curiosity that builds as you wonder what the gift is.

The wish to hide the identity of a gift until just the right moment led people to wrap gifts long, long ago. Historians believed wrapping gifts in paper probably started not long after paper was invented thousands of years ago.

Wrapping paper like what we use today, though, is a much more recent invention. More than 100 years ago, gifts were usually wrapped in heavy brown paper. Before that, cloth was often used. The technology to mass-produce wrapping paper didn’t come along until the early 1900s. The first American gift wrap company— Hy-Sill Manufacturing Inc. — was founded by Eli Hyman and Morris Silverman in 1903. It wasn’t as easy to wrap presents back then as it is today, though, because adhesive tape (胶带) wasn’t invented until 1930.

Over the years, wrapping paper has developed into what we see in stores each holiday season. But scientists say that the United States alone produces an extra 5 million tons of waste over the holidays, most of which is from wrapping paper and shopping bags. To cut down on this waste, some people carefully unwrap presents, so that the wrapping paper can be reused. Others have started to use reusable gift bags instead of wrapping paper.

【小题1】What is the interesting part of people giving a gift?
A.Hiding their gifts and their feelings.
B.Giving the recipients a surprise.
C.Letting the recipients open gifts at once.
D.Following a century-old tradition.
【小题2】What can we learn from Paragraph 3?
A.People didn’t know wrapping paper until 1903.
B.Heavy brown paper has been used to wrap gifts for 100 years.
C.Technology made wrapping paper widely available.
D.Adhesive tape was first created by gift wrap companies.
【小题3】What do scientists worry about?
A.The future of reusable gift bags.
B.The waste produced by Americans.
C.Wrapping paper’s influence on the environment.
D.People’s admiration for wrapping paper.
【小题4】What does the text mainly tell us?
A.The popularity of wrapping gifts.
B.The start of wrapping gifts in paper.
C.The problems caused by wrapping paper.
D.The story behind wrapping paper.

According to the WHO, 90 percent of the world’s population lives in a place where they are exposed to unsafe levels of airborne pollutants, contributing to up to seven million deaths each year. If you live in a city, chances are that you’re part of that 90 percent, even if your city is relatively clean. That’s why cities worldwide have started embracing Internet of Things (IoT) solutions.

One of the best ways to fight pollution is to figure out where it’s worst and where it’s coming from. If you’ve ever made a habit of checking air quality around you, you may notice that there aren’t actually that many monitoring stations, and your closest one may not be that close. For pollution data to really be accurate and helpful, we need a lot more of it.

Luckily, IoT sensors and low-power wide-area networks are making it a lot easier to get and spread ultra-local data. Lampposts are one popular place to put them. For example, the Republic of Korea and Barcelona have already built out a network of pollution sensors in their streetlights.

On the other hand, outfitting (配备) cars, bikes, and even people with pollution sensors provide valuable data on a smaller, more mobile scale.

Since pollutant levels can change dramatically even from one city block to another, having smaller-scale data is important for making a lot of decisions that, over time, might have a major influence on our health and behavior. It can influence where we decide to live, when we exercise, whether we bike to work, and, perhaps most importantly, what we can do about pollution in our area.

All the Internet of Things can help us do on a personal level is use less energy. The data it provides, though, can be used to make big and small changes to the way we behave and build, and that is eventually where we’ll see benefits.

【小题1】What’s the problem mentioned in Paragraph 1?
A.The death rate is high every year.
B.There are too many people in the world.
C.There is little space for people to live in.
D.Air pollution is more serious than expected.
【小题2】What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph2 refer to?
A.Pollution data.
B.A monitoring station.
C.Internet of Things.
D.A low-power network.
【小题3】Why is it necessary to collect data on a smaller scale?
A.It directly decreases pollutant levels.
B.It uses less energy to clean the air.
C.It covers more areas of air pollution.
D.It betters decisions on our lifestyle.
【小题4】What’s the author’s attitude towards using IoT to solve air pollution?
A.Disapproving.B.Doubtful.
C.Positive.D.Uncaring.

Jake Oldershaw and his daughter Mollie from Birmingham, Britain have asthma (哮喘). Mollie, 11, has required hospital treatment several times while Jake Says he always finds breathing more difficult when there is heavy traffic. Air quality has an enormous impact on their lives and both noticed a marked improvement during the spring lockdown because of the epidemic (疫情). Jake said, “During lockdown there was a noticeable difference in air quality. I didn't suffer any asthmatic attacks during that period. These days you can feel the effects.”

However, under current COVID-19 restrictions in the UK this winter, many people probably will have to work from home. The Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit (ECIU) says while emissions (排放) have dropped this year because we've been travelling less and doing less, the expected use of gas boilers to provide heating and hot water could rise by more than half.

Heating accounts for nearly 37% of the UK's total carbon emissions. Modelling by the ECIU suggests a 56% increase in boiler usage this winter resulting in a 12% increase in emissions of carbon. The ECIU says that's enough to offset the last two years' worth of progress on reducing traffic emissions.

Jess Ralston, author of the analysis for the ECIU, said, “Working from home and having increased gas use in the home could be really critical for air pollution and also climate change. The way we heat our homes needs to change if we are to get to net zero by 2050.”

Jess Ralston said, “The increase in pollution from gas boilers expected this winter provides a graphic illustration (图解) of their forgotten role in air pollution. And it is a role set to continue without practical policies to decarbonize home heating. ”

The government is set to publish its Heat and Buildings Decarbonisation Strategy in a few weeks which is expected to give details on plans to try to switch British homes to cleaner sources of heat.

【小题1】How did the spring lockdown in the UK affect Jake?
A.He was cured of his asthma.
B.He had to go to hospital for retreatment.
C.He suffered a noticeable difficulty in study.
D.He didn't suffer any asthmatic attacks during that period.
【小题2】What is concerning the Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit?
A.The epidemic will become worse.
B.Air pollution will get worse this winter.
C.People may have to work from home longer.
D.There is less energy for gas boilers in winter.
【小题3】What would Jess Ralston agree with?
A.People prefer to work from home in winter.
B.The government failed to protect the environment.
C.People tend to ignore the harmful effect of home heating.
D.The climate has suffered a lot from the epidemic this year.
【小题4】How to improve air quality during winter according to Jess Ralston?
A.A warmer winter season.
B.Less and less gas boilers.
C.Practical plans from the government.
D.Improved awareness of cutting down pollution.

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