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Episodic memory (情景记忆) allows humans to revisit past personal experiences in their minds, and it was once thought to be a special skill of humans. Although there are still arguments about the extent of this type of memory in non-human animals, scientists have proved that creatures like rats and dogs can pass tests that are developed to assess episodic memory over the past two decades. “Curiously, there is a lack of research investigating dolphins’ episodic memory,” University of Cambridge cognitive (认知的) scientist James Davies says. Therefore, this surprising fact encourages him to fill this gap.

The team used “where” and “who” questions in their research, each on a different test. Each dolphin was first trained to retrieve a ball from the water, and then trained to get a ball by approaching a person holding it in front of them while ignoring an empty-handed person standing at a different spot. During this training, the locations were randomized (使随机化) and the person holding the ball differed each time, so that those details were irrelevant to learning the retrieving behavior. Then, for the tests, the dolphins were asked to retrieve the ball as they had learned to do, but after 10 minutes, something changed-this time, the ball couldn’t be seen, as it was now behind one of the two people’s backs. In the “where” tests, the ball was hidden in the same spot as in the training, but both people had been changed, while in the “who” tests, the locations of the people changed but the ball remained with the person who’d had it previously.

Eight dolphins went through each of the two tests, separated by at least 48 hours. All the dolphins got it right in choosing the correct spot on the “where” experiments, and seven achieved success on the “who” experiments.

Kelly Jaakkola, a psychologist, says that based on their cognitive skills, dolphins are a good candidate for having episodic-like memory, and this study goes really far in showing that. She also says, “The more we look for such capabilities in non-human animals, the more species we’ll likely find them in.” She adds, “An exciting question is therefore ‘Where do we draw that line? Which animals do have it, which animals don’t, and what sort of cognitive or neurological or social characteristics do those animals share? ’ That’s going to be the fun part of the game.”

【小题1】What does the underlined word “retrieve” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A.Fetch.B.Move.C.Throw.D.Play.
【小题2】What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A.The locations of the people involved in the tests.
B.The memory tasks that dolphins need to perform.
C.The ability of dolphins to communicate with humans.
D.The dolphins’ characteristics related to their memory processing.
【小题3】What can be inferred from the passage?
A.Dolphins pass the tests as a result of training.
B.It is very likely that dolphins are affected by people during the tests.
C.Scientists will probably find episodic memory in all non-human animals.
D.The influence of dolphins’ familiarity with a location or a person is avoided.
【小题4】Which would be the best title for the passage?
A.Dolphins Are the Most Intelligent Animals
B.Dolphins May Remember Personal Experiences
C.Episodic Memory Is Important for Humans and Animals
D.A Scientific Method Is Used to Study Dolphins’ Memory
22-23高一下·北京朝阳·期末
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Early one morning the sub­inspector at a station at the other end of the town rang me. An elephant was damaging the town. Would I please come and do something about it?
I did not know what I could do, but I got onto a horse and started out.   I took my gun, maybe too small to kill an elephant, but I thought the noise might scare him. Various local people stopped me on the way and told me about the elephant's doings.
It was not, of course, a wild elephant, but a tame one. It had been chained up but last night it had broken its chain and escaped. Its owner, had set out to run after it, but had taken the wrong direction. He was now twelve hours' journey away, and in the morning the elephant had suddenly appeared in the town. It had already destroyed somebody's bamboo hut (棚屋), killed a cow and turned over fruit­stalls.
I came round the hut and saw a man's dead body sprawling in the mud. He was an Indian, and he could not have been dead many minutes. The people said that the elephant caught him with its trunk, put its foot on his back and grounded him into the earth. This was the rainy season and he was lying on his stomach in the soft mud, the_______ standing beside, looking innocent.
As I lifted my gun, I hesitated a few seconds. Then I fired. That was a shot that did for him.
You could see the pain of it knock the last strength from his legs. But in falling he seemed for a moment to rise, his trunk reaching skyward like a tree. He trumpeted, for the first and only time. And then down he came, with a crash that shook the ground.
【小题1】Which of the following statements about the author is TRUE?
A.He was an Indian.
B.He knew elephants well.
C.He was not a local villager.
D.He was the owner of the elephant.
【小题2】The elephant made so much trouble because ________.
A.its owner treated him cruelly
B.it got out of control
C.it hated the village people
D.it was a wild elephant
【小题3】The underlined words “the peacebreaker” in Paragraph 4 refer to ________.
A.the elephantB.the dead man
C.the authorD.the sub­inspector
【小题4】It can be inferred that the author felt ________ when he shot the elephant.
A.excitedB.sad
C.frightenedD.happy

A review of 100 years of fossil evidence reveals that 100 million years ago part of the Sahara Desert was arguably the riskiest place on our planet,wih a concentration of large predatory(食肉的)dinosaurs unmatched in any comparable modern ecosystem on land. The analysis of fossils from theso-called Kem Kem beds shows the presence in the area of large-scale predatory dinosaurs,reptiles and other hunters, all living together in what was at the time a river system full of very large fish, rather than a desert.

Paleontologist Nizar Ibrahim, lead author of the study, said that the Kem Kem ecosystem was a highly enigmatic place,ecologically speaking, since typically ecosystems present a larger number of plant-eating animals than predators, and predators themselves will come in a variety of sizes,with one larger predator being dominant. In the Kem Kem beds,fossils of predators outnumber those of plant-eating dinosaurs, and several of the predators living together in the area, such as the Carcharodontosaurus, the Spinosaurus,the Abelisaur and the Deltadromeus, were as big as a Tyrannosaurus rex (T.rex) - one of the largest dinosaurs that ever lived. This is strange “even by dinosaur standards,” according to Ibrahim, since the T. rex, which was present in North America tens of millions of years later, was “the unarguable ruler of its ancient ecosystem.”

It is unlikely that the large predators in the Kem Kem ecosystem ate one another. What's more realistic, according to Ibrahim, is that they ate the abundant and supersized fish present in the area - fish like coelacanths"the size of a car” and sawfish that could reach 25 feet in length.

The study of the Kem Kem beds carried out by Ibrahim and a group of international researchers across the U.S., Europe and Africa draws attention to the importance of learning more about Africa,which remains paleontology's forgotten continent.It shows that African ecosystems"do not simply copy the ones we know from North America,Europe or other better-known places,"and it also reveals clues about what happens to life when dramatic changes in climate come into play.

【小题1】What does the underlined word “enigmatic" in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A.Dangerous.
B.Peaceful.
C.Puzzling.
D.Remote.
【小题2】What can be learned about the Kem Kem ecosystem?
A.The T.rex was the real ruler of the ecosystem.
B.There once lived dangerous supersized dinosaurs.
C.There was an underground river instead of a desert.
D.The number of plant-eating dinosaurs went beyond that of predators.
【小题3】Which of the following would Ibrahim agree with?
A.Sawfish once completely dominated North America.
B.Coelacanths were much larger than the Deltadromeus.
C.The Carcharodontosaurus and the Spinosaurus lived on fish.
D.The Abelisaur and the T. rex became extinct at the same time.
【小题4】What does the study of the Kem Kem beds reveal?
A.African ecosystems have their uniqueness.
B.Humans have caused great changes in climate.
C.Fossils of predators proved to be alien species.
D.The Sahara Desert was formed 100 million years ago.

Earthworms don’t move fast. But humans can accelerate the worms’ spread. Fishermen often use invasive(蔓延性的) earthworms to catch fish. Many have introduced invasive earthworms to rivers, streams and lakes previously unexposed to these animals. Gardeners who use earthworms to make their soil rich may unknowingly introduce invasive ones. The worms even give rides in the mud on wheels, potted plants and road materials shipped around the nation.

But they’re not everywhere yet. In the Great Lakes region, “20 percent of the land is earthworm-free,” says Cindy Hale, a research biologist. Of the remaining 80 percent of land, half of the land has fewer than two earthworm species-meaning there isn’t yet too much impact on the ecosystem, she explains. For these regions, she says, now is the time to take action. According to Hale, educating the public, especially fishermen, is one approach to stopping the spread of invasive earthworms. Identifying which lands are currently earthworm-free is another.

Ryan Hueffmeier, a program coordinator for Great Lakes Worm Watch, has been working on a model that will help create large maps of areas with minimal(最小的) or no damage from earthworms. Ultimately, landowners can use it to identify earthworm activity on their property. once identified, lands with minimal or no earthworm damage should be protected.

But scientists suspect that once invasive earthworms arrive they can’t be removed. And even if all could be, affected forests might never return to the way they were. “It’s very much a story of learning to live with them,” concludes Lee Frelich of the University of Minnesota’s Center for Forest Ecology.

Forest ecologists have called earthworms “ecosystem engineers” because they can change or create habitats that otherwise would not be present. Whether this is a good thing depends on the situation.

“What the earthworms do and how we value it is what really matters.” said Hale. “In one place-farm fields or gardens-we really like European earthworms and what they do, so we consider them good. In native hardwood forests, we really don’t like what they do-so we consider them bad. You really have to understand how an organism(微生物) affects an ecosystem. Things aren’t black and white.”

【小题1】Why are fishermen and gardeners mentioned in the first paragraph?
A.To attract more people to fishing and gardening.
B.To introduce different uses of invasive earthworms.
C.To stress the importance of invasive earthworms to humans.
D.To show humans’ effect on the spread of invasive earthworms.
【小题2】What is Hale’s advice on protecting the Great Lakes region from invasive earthworms?
A.Finding out areas free of earthworms.
B.Extending a ban on the fishing industry.
C.Making maps of areas with most earthworms.
D.Informing the public of different earthworm species.
【小题3】What is Hale’s attitude towards invasive earthworms?
A.Objective.B.Positive.
C.Ambiguous.D.Doubtful.
【小题4】Where is the text probably from?
A.A biology textbook.B.An official report.
C.A science magazine.D.A research paper.

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