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Working out exactly what students and taxpayers get for the money they spend on universities is a tricky business. Now the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD), a Paris-based think-tank for rich countries, is planning to make the task a bit easier, by producing the first international comparison of how successfully universities teach.

“Rather than assuming that because a university spends more it must be better, or using other proxy measures for quality, we will look at learning outcomes,” explains Andreas Schleicher, the OECD’s head of education research. Just as the OECD assesses primary and secondary education by testing randomly chosen groups of youngsters from each country in reading and mathematics, it will sample university students to see what they have learned. Once enough universities are taking part, it may publish league tables showing where each country stands, just as it now does for compulsory education. That may produce a fairer assessment than the two established rankings, though the British one does try to broaden its inquiry by taking opinions from academics and employers.

There is much to be said for the OECD’s approach. Of course a Nobel laureate’s view on where to study may be worth hearing, but those professors may be so busy writing and researching that they spend little or no time teaching—a big weakness at America’s famous universities. And changes in methodology can bring surprising shifts. The high-flying London School of Economics, for example, tumbled(暴跌)from 17th to 59th in the British rankings published last week, primarily because it got less credit than in previous years for the impressive number of foreign students it had managed to attract.

The OECD plan awaits approval from an education ministers’ meeting in January. The first rankings are planned by 2021. They will be of interest not just as a guide for shoppers in the global market, but also as indicators of performance in domestic markets. They will help academics wondering whether to stay put or switch jobs, students choosing where to spend their time and money, and ambitious university bosses who want a sharper competitive edge for their institution.

The task the OECD has set itself is formidable. In many subjects, such as literature and history, the syllabus varies hugely from one country, and even one campus, to another. But OECD researchers think that problem can be overcome by concentrating on the transferable skills that employers value, such as critical thinking and analysis, and testing subject knowledge only in fields like economics and engineering, with a big common core.

Moreover, says Mr Schleicher, it is a job worth doing. Today’s rankings, he believes, do not help governments assess whether they get a return on the money they give universities to teach their undergraduates. Students overlook second-rank institutions in favour of big names, even though the less grand may be better at teaching. Worst of all, ranking by reputation allows famous places to coast along, while making life hard for feisty upstarts. “We will not be reflecting a university’s history,” says Mr Schleicher, “but asking: what is a global employer looking for?” A fair question, even if not every single student’s destiny is to work for a multinational firm.

【小题1】The project by OECD is aimed to__________.
A.assess primary and secondary education of each school that subscribe to the service
B.appraise the learning outcomes of university students as part of their academic performance
C.establish a new evaluation system for universities
D.set up a new ranking for compulsory education
【小题2】The assessment method by OECD is different from the established rankings in__________.
A.that its inquiry is broader as to include all the students and staff
B.that its samples are chosen randomly based on statistical analysis of method
C.that it attaches more importance to the learning efficiency
D.that it takes opinions from the students to see what they have learnt
【小题3】By the case of London School of Economies, the author wants to show that__________.
A.the OECD’s approach is very fair
B.the Nobel laureate’s opinion is not worth hearing
C.the British rankings pay more attention to the foreign students
D.different assessment methods may lead to different ranking results
【小题4】The OECD’s ranking system will probably be welcomed most by__________.
A.parents who pay for the children’s secondary education
B.the famous colleges
C.those ambitious second-rank institutions
D.shoppers in the global market
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The holidays are officially over, and while the vacation time could mean different things to people — catching up on competitive sports, eating amounts of food, or finally visiting your uncle — one thing is almost universal: the sentiment of “oh no, I have to go to work again.”

It’s easy to understand why we get a little depressed at the thought of coming back to everyday life. The post-vacation blues, the depression after the holiday, can have actual health effects. A journalist and travel writer Nneka Okona says, “For me, the dejection (沮丧) starts around the last 24 hours of a trip. I feel really down and sometimes even teary.”

But if vacations are supposed to be a significant boon to our happiness and well-being, why do we break down afterwards?

Jeroen Nawijn, a psychologist at the Breda University, says that though people generally become happier on their days off, those benefits weaken quickly after returning home. “They most likely feel best during vacation because they have more freedom to do what they want.” he explains.

Suzanne Degges-White, a therapist, echoes this sentiment. “Once we get back into the work world, the majority of us have to deal with piles of work,” she says. She also indicates the difficulty of rejoining the work life lies in the fact that duties don’t disappear when we go on vacation. “They know that problems may have stacked up in their absence. ” Degges-White adds.

Thankfully, there are ways to ease the sentimental blues. “Thinking ahead could also include making a to-do list for your first week back, keeping your work and living spaces clean and organized for your return.” Degges-White says.

One more tip: start planning your next vacation right away. “The only thing that has continually worked for me is booking another trip as quickly as possible.” Okona says, “My blues are disappearing if I know I have something else to look forward to.” She also recommends grabbing a useful rather than decorative souvenir(纪念品) so that you have something to tie your new experiences with your life back home.

Prepare you better for the reality that awaits post-vacation. And if all else fails, you can always try working your memories to trick yourself into happiness ever after.

【小题1】Thinking of returning to work, most people will ________.
A.do sports and eat delicious food
B.use the remaining time to visits their relatives
C.feel down especially when their vacation is about to be over
D.deal with the harmful effects on health caused by depression
【小题2】Which of the following can best describe the underlined word in Paragraph 3?
A.Something helpful.B.Something beautiful.
C.Something memorable.D.Something unforgettable.
【小题3】What can we infer according to the passage?
A.Jeroen Nawijn and Degges-White differ about post-vacation blues.
B.Degges-White thinks post-vacation blues result from piles of work.
C.Jeroen Nawijn suggests giving people more freedom when they work.
D.Okona would choose a painting rather than local snacks as a souvenir.
【小题4】What is the author’s opinion about dealing with post-vacation blues?
A.Happiness can’t be achieved.
B.Another vacation is the best way.
C.People should focus on their work.
D.If you will, some way can be found.
Almost 80% of the Americans have stated their opposition to cloning pet animals such as cats and dogs, yet companies still try to make a business out of selling cloned pets. Pet cloning has been promoted as a way to “bring back” or “copy” a beloved companion animal. However, studies have shown that cloning remains an experimental technology with many failures.
Behind each lovely picture of a cloned cat or dog lie hundreds of animals that were kept in lab cages, receiving bad treatment to produce just that one cloned animal. For all that, you end up with a cloned animal who is unlikely to appear like the original physically or behaviorally and may experience serious health problems. Also, while pet cloning companies are charging customers up to $150,000 for a cloned pet, millions of homeless animals of the same species are available in US animal shelters for around $100. Unfortunately, most of these animals are killed for lack of adopting homes.
With No Pet Cloning campaign, the American Anti-Vivisection Society (AAVS) tries to protect both animals and people from harm. They campaigned until the US companies that sold cloned animals closed their doors. First it was Genetic Savings & Clone Inc. and then it was BioArts International.
When BioArts was closed, its owner, Lou Hawthorne, finally had to acknowledge the problems of pet cloning. According to Hawthorne, he has seen numerous failures during his pet cloning attempts, “One clone—which was supposed to be black and white—was born greenish-yellow where it should have been white (we still have no good explanation for how that happened).”
The AAVS is educating the public about the animal suffering and is seeking regulation of cloning activities. They will continue to take the lead in protecting animals from the threats of pet cloning.
【小题1】From the passage, we know that ____.
A.pets are often deserted by their owners
B.more and more people have joined the AAVS
C.most American are against cloning pet animals
D.the American Anti-Vivisection Society is supported by the government
【小题2】According to the passage, companies keep on selling cloned pets to ____.
A.carry on scientific studies
B.get economic interests
C.protect pet animals
D.comfort animal lovers
【小题3】What does the author try to do by writing the second paragraph?
A.To tell the truth behind pet cloning.
B.To show the method of pet cloning.
C.To compare pet animals with homeless ones.
D.To save the animals kept in labs and shelters.
【小题4】The underlined word “acknowledge” probably means "____".
A.acceptB.studyC.admitD.manage
【小题5】According to the passage, the AAVS devotes itself to ____.
A.getting most countries to fight against pet cloning
B.improving the technology of pet cloning
C.saving lots of animals from bad situations
D.stopping US companies’ selling cloned animals

It’s no surprise to hear the honking of horns in New York. Whoever tries every day to get more than a few minutes of sleep in the morning in the city will tell you that he could do nothing about it! No one can deny honking of horns is just one of his most widely enjoyed pastimes.

But Andy, a Japanese website developer has had enough of it. Once, the 27-year-old man approached the open window to wait for the driver to finish honking, delivered a polite "excuse me" and then yelled " Ho-o-o-o-onk!", which means fierce anger in Japan. Then he threw three eggs from the window of his apartment on to a passing car honking loudly below when his patience was worn out. Instead of apologizing to him, the driver threatened to kill him angrily. So, nobly, Andy turned to non-violence. He started writing anti-honking haiku verses, a form of Japanese poetry, and submitted them to local newspapers:

Oh .forget Enron;

The problem around here is; All the damn honking (Enron: a major American company that recently caused a scandal because of corrupt(腐败) mismanagement)

"Then this kind of chain reaction started happening," Andy says. "All these other haiku started appearing unexpectedly" Andy’ s community is now covered in anti - honking poetry, written by all walks of life.       Patience slowly fades;

Residents store up their eggs; That day is coming soon.

It’s understandable that Andy has set up a website — www. honku. org — and now people from across the country send him news of their own anti - honking activities. It seems that poetry can change the world after all. Then, just recently, anti-anti- honking haiku started to appear, launched by locals who thought Andy should stop worrying about honking and start worrying about starving children, or war in the Middle East instead. Andy has an answer for that. "Stop me if this is too ridiculous ," he says," but they talk about the violence in the Middle East like it' s a force of nature, like it' s beyond our control. But actually it's kind of like the honking - the violence is man -made. If we can figure out how to stop honking on the streets, I think we could learn some things that we could use on a large scale. "

【小题1】What does the first paragraph intend to tell us about New Yorkers?
A.They enjoy listening to the honking of horns
B.Their life has been affected by the honking noise
C.They get accustomed to sleeping late in the morning
D.They have formed a habit of honking while driving
【小题2】What is Andy’s final reaction to the frequent honking of horns?
A.Pretended to ignore it.B.Screamed at the driver.
C.Acted in a peaceful way.D.Complained to the government.
【小题3】According to the passage, most New Yorkers think Andy's response is______.
A.acceptableB.pointless
C.sensitiveD.abnormal
【小题4】Facing the criticism of his anti-honking campaign, Andy notes that______.
A.if not handled well, honking will cause serious problems like starvation
B.fierce violence in the Middle East is more of an issue worthy of concern
C.violence in the world as well as honking on the street is under our control
D.finding the solution to anti - honking is as meaningful as that to starvation

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