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A small group of paleontologists (古生物学家) recently discovered 10 species of ancient mammals previously unknown to science with the help of an enormous number of helpers at their dig site: ants.

The study of ancient mammals sheds new light on the diversity of mammals that existed in North America around 33 million to 35 million years ago, when the climate was changing drastically. It also pays attention to the harvester ants, with which re-searchers have long had a love-hate relationship. “The ants are not fantastic when they’re biting you,” said Samantha Hopkins, a professor of Earth Sciences at the University of Oregon. “But I’ve got to appreciate them because they make my job a whole lot easier.”

Most species of harvester ants live in caves that sit beneath a small hill of dirt. They strengthen the dirt by cowering it with bits of rock and other tough materials. The ants have been known to travel over a hundred feet from their caves and to dig six feet deep in pursuit of materials that help secure their caves. The materials include fossils. Harvester ants can carry materials 10 times to 50 times the weight of their body, although they do not weigh very much, so the heaviest fossil they can collect weighs less than the average pill.

Given the size, harvester ant hills are hot spots for what scientists call fossils, which are animal fossils too small to see with-out a microscope. For over a century, scientists like Dr. Hopkins have found sediment (沉积物) off the sides of harvester ant hills in search of these fossils, making it easier to find large numbers of fossilized mammal teeth without spending hours in the field sifting through sand and dirt.

【小题1】What is the purpose of the passage?
A.To compare two different species.
B.To provide evidence for discoveries.
C.To introduce a kind of ant as a helper.
D.To promote awareness of mammal protection.
【小题2】Which aspect may influence the diversity of mammals in the past?
A.Climate change.B.Ant numbers.
C.Cave materials.D.Dirt locations.
【小题3】What does the underlined word “beneath” mean in paragraph 3?
A.beside.B.besides.C.upper.D.below.
【小题4】What can we learn about the harvester ants from the last two paragraphs?
A.Their caves are miles deep.
B.Materials with fossils are their food.
C.They can carry pills around.
D.Fossils may be found around their hills.
22-23高一下·江西赣州·阶段练习
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Great Activities for Nature Lovers


Hiking

One of the easiest and most accessible ways to get close to nature is by setting out on a good old fashioned hike. Hiking generally doesn’t require any fancy equipment or special skills, just a piece of map and a thirst for adventure. This activity can be as relaxing as you make it.


Backcountry Camping

Why limit yourself to just a day hike when you can have a full weekend or longer adventure? Backcountry Camping involves packing your tent, sleeping gear, food, and water on your back to set up camp in a remote location. If you’re an experienced hiker and camper, this is an excellent way to test your survival skills and explore the wilderness.


Mountain and Road Biking

Unlike long hikes through the woods, biking allows you to cover more ground and travel farther in nature. Mountain biking typically involves riding up and down steep slopes, between trees, and over rocks. If this sounds too intense or your tires aren’t suited for rugged terrain(地形), consider taking a road bike on paved trails through forest preserves or along country roads.


Gardening

Contrary to popular belief, you don’t have to travel beyond your own backyard to experience the beauty of nature every day. If your personality is less adventurous or your mobility is restricted, consider planting a garden to grow your own vegetables, fruits, herbs, or flowers. There’s something truly satisfying about mixing up a salad with fresh ingredients you grew yourself. One of the best parts about spending time in nature is that it doesn’t have to break your budget and anyone can do it.

【小题1】What does hiking need for hikers?
A.A world map.B.A strong desire.
C.Practical skills.D.Necessary equipment.
【小题2】Where will you go to show your survival potential in the wild?
A.To a backyard.B.To a forest.
C.To a mountain.D.To a distant place.
【小题3】What is the advantage of enjoying the natural beauty in your garden?
A.It’s popular.B.It saves money.
C.It’s adventurous.D.It saves time.

It's easy to understand why early humans domesticated dogs as their new best friends. Domesticated dogs can guard against fierce animals and provide warmth during cold nights. But those benefits only come following domestication. Despite more than a century of study, scientists have struggled to understand what it was that caused the domestication process in the first place.

A new theory given by Maria Lahtinen, a senior researcher, might be able to explain this puzzle. She made this theory when studying the diet of late Pleistocene hunter gatherers in Arctic and sub-Arctic Eurasia. At that time, around 20,000 to 15,000 years ago, the world was in the coldest period of the last ice age.

In cold environments then, as today, humans tended to gain the majority of their food from animals. Nutritional deficiencies came from the absence of fat and carbohydrates, not necessary protein. Indeed, if humans eat too much meat, they can develop protein poisoning and even die. “Because we humans are not fully adapted to a diet that is carnivorous, we simply cannot digest protein very well,” Lahtinen says.

During that time, animals that humans killed for food would have been struggling to live, barely having fat and composed mostly of lean muscle. Using previously published early fossil records, Lahtinen and her colleagues calculated that the animals killed by people in the Arctic and sub-Arctic during this time would have provided much more protein than they could have safely consumed.

Under the tough circumstances of the Arctic and sub-Arctic ice age winter, sharing excess meat with dogs would have cost people nothing. The descendants of wolves that took advantage of such handouts would have become more gentle toward humans over time, and they likely went on to become the first domesticated dogs.

【小题1】What has been confusing scientists in the past century?
A.How domesticated dogs benefited humans.B.When humans began to domesticate dogs.
C.What led to dog domestication originally.D.Why early humans made friends with dogs.
【小题2】What does the underlined word “carnivorous” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.All-meatB.Low-fatsC.Fast-changing.D.Over-cooked.
【小题3】What can be inferred about late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers?
A.They struggled with wolves.
B.They shared meat with dogs.
C.They existed on the earth for about 5,000 years.
D.They had trouble adapting to the cold environment.
【小题4】During the Arctic and sub-Arctic ice age winter, the animals killed by humans_______
A.were al dangerous animals.B.provided enough fat for humans.
C.became a food source for some dogs.D.lacked protein needed for a healthy diet.

Barnaby, the Lawrence family’s cat, had been missing for eight months. On January 11, 2022, Rachel Lawrence was on the phone with her vet (兽医). Her younger cat, Torvi, had just received an operation and she was asking how he was.

During the call, Lawrence heard a meow (喵喵叫). It may have been a standard meow to anyone else’s ears, but to Lawrence, there was something distinct about this sound. She asked the vet if that was Torvi and was told that was just a stray (走失的宠物) that had been brought in a week before.

Lawrence put down the phone and could not stop thinking about that. Could that be long-lost Barnaby? Unable to dismiss that unlikely thought, she called the vet back a few hours later. She asked if that meow came from a black cat and if the cat had a white dot on his back foot. The reply was “Yes”. “That had to be Barnaby,” Lawrence concluded.

When she went to pick up Torvi, she brought photos of Barnaby, nicknamed Fatman by her three kids. When the vet brought Barnaby to her, Lawrence broke down in what she described as tears and cries, but not with sadness.

She couldn’t wait to video-call her three children and said, “Look who I found.”

“Fatman,” they cried out with joy!

Lawrence had previously put a chip into Barnaby, but it did not work and so when he was lost, they had no hope of finding him again. Yet, thanks to the kindness of the person who found Barnaby and took him to the vet, and to the incredible hearing of his pet owner, this cat is back.

Barnaby is safely home with the Lawrence family and Torvi. He returned home thin with little fur and many scars. Barnaby is eating well, and with all the love and attention, the family hopes he will grow back into Fatman.

【小题1】Why did Rachel Lawrence make a second call to the vet?
A.To get more details about the stray cat.
B.To check if Torvi was in good condition.
C.To confirm the schedule for an operation.
D.To seek a way to identify different meows.
【小题2】How did Rachel Lawrence feel when seeing Barnaby at the vet’s?
A.Sad.B.Frightened.C.Calm.D.Thrilled.
【小题3】What can we know about Barnaby during the eight months?
A.He was safe and sound.B.He didn’t receive any kindness.
C.He became much fatter.D.He had a really rough time.
【小题4】Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text?
A.A Kind Vet Took Good Care of a Long-lost Cat
B.A Missing Cat’s Meow Led to a Happy Reunion
C.A Determined Cat Owner Finally Cured Her Cat
D.A Young Cat’s Operation Saved Another Cat's Life

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