There’s no single known cause for autism (自闭症), but researchers now point the finger at higher lithium (锂) levels in drinking water. Their new study found that pregnant women in Denmark whose household tap water had higher levels of lithium were more likely to have kids with autism, compared to pregnant women living in areas where tap water had lower levels of this element.
“Maternal prenatal (妊娠期) exposure to lithium from naturally occurring drinking water sources in Denmark was associated with an increased autism spectrum disorder risk in the offspring,” said study author Dr. Beate Ritz, a professor of neurology. “This suggests a potential fetal neurotoxicity (神经毒性) of lithium exposure from drinking water that needs to be further investigated.”
For this latest study, researchers analyzed lithium levels from about half of the country’s water supply. When the investigators compared children with autism to those without this developmental disorder, they found that when lithium levels increased, so did the risk of autism.
Kids born to moms who lived in areas with the highest lithium levels in the water were 46% more likely to be diagnosed with autism than those born in areas with the lowest amount of lithium in drinking water, the study showed. Lithium levels increased the risk for all types of autism in this study.
Lithium leaches into drinking water from soil and rocks, but these levels could rise in the future from waste in lithium batteries. While more research is needed to confirm this association, Ritz suggested using filtered water and testing it for lithium levels while pregnant. Bottled water isn’t necessarily the answer. “A lot of bottled water is not tested either,” she said. “Some bottled water is just filled up from regular drinking water sources.”
Dr. Max Wiznitzer, director of the Rainbow Autism Center, urged caution before jumping to conclusions, though. “It’s an interesting association, but causation is definitely not proven,” Wiznitzer told CNN. “We have to see if there’s a workable and biologically plausible (似乎合理的) mechanism by which a small amount of lithium in the water supply can somehow do this, yet pharmacologic (药理学) dosing of lithium in women with bipolar disorder has not been reported to be causing increased risk of ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder).”
【小题1】What might cause women in Denmark to have kids with autism?A.Lower levels of lithium in tap water. | B.Higher lithium levels in drinking water. |
C.Maternal prenatal exposure to neurotoxicity. | D.Naturally occurring drinking water sources. |
A.The risk of autism declined with lithium levels increasing. |
B.Lithium in drinking water mainly came from lithium batteries. |
C.Kids were 46% more likely to be diagnosed with autism than moms. |
D.Bottled water could not be always safely used for its lack of filtering and testing. |
A.Favourable. | B.Shocked. | C.Cautious. | D.Indifferent. |
A.Lithium in Water Supply Linked to Uptick in Autism Risk |
B.Lithium in Drinking Water Did Harm to Mental Health |
C.Lithium in Drinking Water Decreased the Risk of ASD |
D.Lithium in Water Supply Linked to the Chance of Pregnancy |
Let me tell you about my relationship with the school desk. From my first day at Penny Camp Elementary School in 1982, it was terrible. This is how it went down: five seconds into class, the foot start bouncing;10 seconds in, both feet; 15 seconds, I burst out the drums! After a few minutes, it’s all over. I’m trying to put my leg behind my neck. No, that desk and I didn’t get along.
Sitting still was hard enough, but I also struggled with reading. Reading out loud in class was a special kind of hell(地狱). By the third grade I had progressed from being one of “those kids” to being the “special kid”. I was found to have multiple language-based learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder (A.D.D) (注意力缺陷障碍症). I was turned into a “patient” who needed treatment rather than a human being with differences. I struggled with severe anxiety and depression at age 10.
I survived this time in my life because of my mom. She knew in her heart that her child wasn’t broken and didn’t need to be fixed.My mom was right. When I think back on my school experience, I realize it wasn’t the A.D.D. that disabled me. What disabled me were limitations not in myself but in the environment. I’ve come to believe that I did not have a disability, as it is common to say, but experienced disability in environments that could not accommodate and accept my differences.
In the fall of 1977, after two years at Loyola Marymount University, where my learning differences were fully accommodated, I transferred to(转学) Brown University, where I graduated with an honors degree in English literature. I still can’t spell or sit still, but I now use support and technology to relieve my weakness and build a life on my strengths. I don’t feel stupid anymore and I know that I—and others like me—can live good lives despite these challenges.
【小题1】What does the author want to tell us in the first paragraph?A.He didn’t like to study. | B.He used to be active at school. |
C.He suffered from a broken desk. | D.He had trouble sitting still in class. |
A.Exited. | B.Uneasy. |
C.Interested. | D.Bored. |
A.He is living a good life with his weakness. |
B.His disability has been cured by technology. |
C.He got his honors degree in English literature in the fall of 1997. |
D.He was transferred to Brown University because of his disability. |
A.a disability is nothing but a difference |
B.family’s support is the most important |
C.disabled people can’t live well however hard they work |
D.sometimes limitations of the environment disable a person |
A new wave of psychological research is pioneering Virtual Reality (VR) to treat medical conditions from social anxiety to Alzheimer's disease.
Riding a wave of interest in mental health tech, companies creating VR content for treatment are receiving a flood of attention and funding. And, while VR has been used successfully to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) since the 1990s, these new programs address a much broader range of conditions. The library of Palo Alto-based Limbix, for instance, includes VR content designed to treat issues including alcohol addiction and teenage depression. Barcelona-based Psious offers treatments for eating disorders.
Today's VR content is primarily designed to aid exposure treatment, a treatment for anxiety disorders in which patients are exposed to the “threats” they're worried about in a safe, controlled environment, eventually learning that the “threats” are not actually very dangerous. For example, someone who fears heights might visit taller and taller buildings under the guidance of their doctor, while someone with PTSD might revisit painful memories.
VR allows doctors to create a safe and controlled environment inside a VR headset. It's a far safer, quicker and less expensive option. Using VR also gives doctors much more control over the intensity(强度)of their patients' experiences, which can lead to better treatment outcomes, said Stephane Bouchard, a professor at the University of Quebec. VR treatment patients can also do things they couldn't do in the real world. “In one of our studies, we asked patients who are afraid of heights to actually jump from a cliff,” Bouchard said.
However, not all VR treatment content is created equal. “Some companies show videos of VR environments that are incomplete, untested and definitely haven't been tried out by psychologists,” Bouchard said. Clearer rules and standards will make it easier for patients and doctors to identify products that work.
【小题1】What problems can VR be used to treat according to the passage?A.The fear of heights, blood pressure and eating disorders. |
B.Social anxiety, PTSD and alcohol addiction. |
C.Alzheimer's disease, heart attack and teenage depression. |
D.Sleeping disorders, deafness and computer addiction. |
A.The benefits of using VR treatment. | B.The principles of using V R treatment. |
C.The side effects of using VR treatment. | D.The causes of using VR treatment. |
A.Passive. | B.Uncertain. | C.Promising. | D.Worrying. |
A.Wide use of VR treatment. | B.Criteria of VR treatment. |
C.Problems VR treatment are facing. | D.Reasons why VR treatment standards are needed. |
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