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There are some things money can’t buy. Education, however, does not appear to be among them—at least as measured by performance on international exams. A new study by Harvard University offers strong evidence that the wealth of a country affects exam results just as much as the wealth of a pupil’s household does. On average, pupils in wealthy countries obtain vastly higher test scores than those in developing ones.

Evaluating test scores around the world is harder than it sounds. Although pupils in the rich world mostly take one of a few big international exams, many developing countries rely on regional tests, making apples-to-apples comparisons impossible.

Researchers organized an exam in 2016 for 2,314 children in India, which included both questions from the leading tests and ones taken from smaller exams. Using answers from the same pupils on the same day to questions from different tests, they built a statistical model they called a “Rosetta Stone”. It can translate scores from a range of exams—such as one used only in west Africa—into an equal mark on other common international tests.

They then used these equations(等式)to estimate how pupils in 80 different countries would fare on the benchmark(基准)Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). Their data show that the wealth of a student’s country and family have similar impacts on test scores—meaning that big gaps in GDP per person matter more than small ones in household income do. For example, pupils from families that are very poor by rich-world standards—those earning $5,000 a year—are expected to score around 500 out of 1,000 on the TIMSS in America, and 560 in Japan. In contrast, those whose parents make $10,000 a year in an upper-middle income country can only get the equivalent(等价物)of a 475.

The influence of parental earnings is not constant. Rich people tend to educate their children privately in places where wealth is concentrated, such as Brazil. However, in countries with relatively flat income distributions, like Croatia, pupils from different social classes are more likely to attend the same schools. This could reduce the impact of family wealth on test scores.

【小题1】Why is it hard to evaluate the exam scores on a global level?
A.Because the types of exams vary with countries.
B.Because many rich countries refuse regional tests.
C.Because the wealth of a country affects exam results.
D.Because no international exam is available to poor areas.
【小题2】Why did the researchers establish a “Rosetta Stone”?
A.To integrate different exams into a common one.
B.To evaluate different exams with distinct approaches.
C.To fix the standard of the exams in different countries.
D.To turn scores of different exams into an equivalent mark.
【小题3】What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?
A.Poor students tend to be academically superior to rich ones.
B.Students from rich families will definitely get higher grades.
C.The influence of family income on students is related to circumstances.
D.People with high social status are more likely to educate their children privately.
【小题4】What is the text mainly about?
A.Education is something money can’t buy.
B.The wealth of a country matters for education.
C.Family income plays an important role in education.
D.A statistical model helps to evaluate the exam scores.
2023·湖北·模拟预测
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An interactive online map allows you to type in your home address and see where it falls during any given time period.The map tracks how the earth has changed over 750 million years.

The love-labor of software engineer Ian Webster, the map tool is attached to the world’s largest digital dinosaur database, also created by Webster, who drew on geographical data from another resource called Ancient Earth.Ancient Earth was culmination (顶点) of work called the Paleomap project.

The project allows users to enter most towns, cities and countries into the search bar.A 3D globe will show you approximately where they were on a 750-million-year timeline.Ancient Earth comes with a variety of tools that allow you to learn interesting information, or select a time period based on the emergence of specific features, such as the first flower to ever bloom on Earth.

Given that Webster is an expert in dinosaurs, any location you enter in the search function will also provide you with a list of dinosaurs that would have been your neighbors — all with inline links to that particular dinosaur’s profile on Webster’s database.This represents an incredible educational resource for children and adults interested in geography.

Even with modern GPS technology and programs like Google Maps, globes and 2D paper maps continue to shape our understanding of Earth.Ancient Each is a very good educational tool especially for kids, as they get to see their very own homes move around in the tectonic (构造的) dance that’s been going on billions of years.

“I'm amazed that experts collected enough data to actually build my home 750 million years ago, so I thought you all would enjoy it too, ”Webster wrote in a comment.“I chose this particular model because it covers the greatest length of time.”

【小题1】What is the function of the interactive online map?
A.It makes up part of Ancient Earth.
B.It shows what has happened to Earth.
C.It helps Ian Webster locate one’s home easily.
D.It provides the biggest digital dinosaur database.
【小题2】What can users do through Ancient Earth?
A.Do research on dinosaurs.B.Search most places on the earth.
C.Discover what a place used to be.D.Gain some information about timeline.
【小题3】How can children benefit from Ancient Earth?
A.They can learn more about geography.B.They can get easier access to the Net.
C.They can buy rich educational resources.D.They can develop an interest in dinosaurs.
【小题4】What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to?
A.The data.B.The Paleomap Project.
C.The Google Map.D.The interactive online map.

Check your junk drawer at home, and you’re likely to find a mess of electronic device chargers—many of them probably old-fashioned. Late last week the European Union proposed a new regulation that would solve this problem by requiring all small electronics (including phones, tablets, portable speakers and cameras) to have the same type of charging port. All such electronics sold in the EU would need to switch to the USB-C standard within two years.

European officials declare this universal standard not only increases convenience for consumers but also cuts down on electronic waste. Critics of such measures, including Apple which uses a special charging port on its phones, claim the move will slow down innovation. And when USB-C certainly gives way to the next improved charging method, people will still need to invest in new chargers. The true impact of this law, however, may not be as simple as either side suggests.

“Based on what we know about what’s in the electronic waste stream, the relative reduction in the amount of e-waste is probably going to be relatively small due to chargers alone,” says Callie Babbitt, a professor of sustainability at Researcher Institute of Technology, where she studies electronic waste. “But I think the bigger potential is that this is a good test case for requiring manufacturers to think about standardization and design that is user-friendly for the consumer-and then actually see whether there is an increase in discarding (丢弃) as technology changes or if we actually see a reduction because consumers aren’t replacing products and chargers as frequently,” Babbitt spoke with Scientific American about the scale of the e-waste problem, how researchers want to solve it and whether this new rule is a step in the right direction.

Households across the US discard about just under two million metric tons of electronics a year. And that’s just households. If you start to include businesses, companies and industry, then the number is estimated to perhaps double.

【小题1】Why does the author mention the junk drawer in paragraph 1?
A.To clarify a rule.B.To introduce a topic.
C.To draw a conclusion.D.To explain a concept.
【小题2】What’s Apple’s reaction to the EU standard?
A.It is in favor of the standard.B.It pays little attention to the standard.
C.It claims the negative effects of the standard.D.It thinks there’s a long way to meet the standard.
【小题3】What does Babbirt think about the new regulation?
A.It will reduce a large amount of e-waste.
B.It will contribute to other technology changes.
C.It is a step in the wrong direction of reducing e waste.
D.It is a good try for standardization and user-friendly design.
【小题4】Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.A universal standard for charging portB.Traditional chargers: old-fashioned
C.A new regulation about e wasteD.E-waste: a global concern

At 13, Hawa Abdulai Yorke left her family’s home, in Ghana, Africa, to live with an aunt who promised to send her to school. Instead, the aunt put Yorke to work as her maid(佣人). Determined to go to school, Yorke returned home and began selling water in a nearby city to raise money for her education. However, her father spent the money she had earned on a motorcycle.

Yorkers story is familiar to girls growing up in Ghana. There, a girl’s place is in the home. Educating girls is considered a waste of money.

“It happens more than it should, where parents have money to send their girls to school but choose not to,” says Ryan Roach, a volunteer in Ghana, where nearly 55% of girls are not allowed to attend secondary school. Cultural beliefs say education is not a wise investment (投资).

The White House’s Let Girls Learn is working to change this view of girls’ education, in Ghana and in countries worldwide. Former First Lady Michelle Obama says parents have to be persuaded that girls’ education is a better investment than household labor. A study shows that for every year of secondary-school education, a girl’s earning power increases by 18%. Today, Let Girls Learn works in 13 countries, and there are plans to expand the program. Recently, Let Girls Learn hosted a 24-hour event to come up with creative solutions for the barriers (障碍) to girls’ education.

Yorke, now 22, is about to finish high school. Thanks to Let Girls Learn, she plans to attend college and study computer science. She says working alongside college students at the Let Girls Learn event strengthened her determination. “I’m focused on my books,” says Yorke. “I know if I study hard, I, too, can go to university and live a happy life.”

【小题1】What was the attitude of Yorkers aunt towards girls attending school?
A.She was against it.B.She had no idea of it.
C.She was in favor of it.D.She considered it hard work.
【小题2】According to Ryan Roach, the reason for girls not receiving enough education is that
A.they are too busy to go to school
B.their families are too poor to afford it
C.there are few secondary schools for girls
D.cultural beliefs prevent girls from attending school
【小题3】What can we learn about Let Girls Learn?
A.It has spread all over the world.
B.It is a Ghana-based organization.
C.It aims to offer free education to girls.
D.It has got support from Michelle Obama
【小题4】What’s Yorke’s next plan?
A.To further her studies.
B.To join in Let Girls Learn.
C.To write some books for girls.
D.To get a computer-related job.

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