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Zoologists track animals using global-positioning-system(GPS)tags(标签) which then return their data via satellite. Marine(海洋的)biologists have a harder time of it, though, because radio signals can’t pass through seawater. This makes it impossible either to receive GPS signals or to send any data collected back to base.

That does not stop people tagging sea creatures. Data collected and stored in a tag can be sent to a satellite in bursts if the species in question is one that comes to the surface from time to time. A tag may also be recovered if the animal carrying it is caught by a fishing boat. Fisherfolk are typically paid a few hundred dollars per tag returned to its home laboratory.

None of these methods, though, keeps accurate track of where the animal carrying the tag has been. For these and other reasons, it would therefore be useful to have a marine equivalent of GPS. And one is now being employed. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, in Massachusetts, hopes to fill the seas with sonic beacons(声波信标) that will play the role of GPS satellites.

The sea is divided into distinct layers that have different temperatures. During the Second World War, American scientists showed that some of these layers act as sonic waveguides. They called them “sound fixing and ranging” (sofar) channels. Sound sent out in one of these channels echoes(回响) between the layers above and below, thus staying in the channel. Thus constrained(被约束),a sound wave can travel hundreds of kilometers before it becomes too weak to detect.

The sofar transmitters from Woods Hole are usually at an appropriate depth for the channel concerned. Every 12 hours they broadcast a 32-second-long location signal known as a pong. Pongs are so called because they are similar to sonar “pings”, but of lower frequency. In typical conditions a pong can be picked up 1,000 km away. By listening to the pongs from several beacons a receiver can calculate its location. Existing receivers for the two sofar transmitters are currently carried on free-floating instrument packs. But the plan is to have two more transmitters this year, and more in future years.

【小题1】Which sea creatures can GPS tags be applied to?
A.Those feeding on other sea animals.
B.Those following fishing boats constantly.
C.Those coming out of the sea sometimes.
D.Those swimming deep under the water.
【小题2】Why do sofar channels function?
A.The echoes among them are weak.
B.The water has a high temperature over there.
C.The layers among them are quite similar.
D.The sound remains there and stays strong for a while.
【小题3】What makes pings different from pongs?
A.Pings are of higher frequency.
B.Pings can travel faster than pongs.
C.Pings can be received 1,000 km away.
D.Pings are broadcasted every 32 seconds.
【小题4】What would be the best title for the text?
A.Tags for sea creatures
B.“GPS” for the oceans
C.Strange deep sea creatures
D.Data from distant satellites
22-23高二下·河南·期中
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As a senior school graduate, with COVID-19 cases rising and lockdown hitting, I’ve had plenty of concerns. Losing my graduation ceremony was one of them. But being unable to lend a hand to my community at such a terrible time was the greatest concern. Except for wearing my mask, following the health officials’ guidelines, and assisting seniors to get their groceries, there wasn’t anything more I could do.

Then it struck me. Solving COVID-19 relied only on individual steps and the goodwill of human awareness. But the next challenge we have to deal with ahead is climate change known as the silent pandemic without a vaccine. So all I could think of was: Why don’t we do the same for it, and try to deal with global warming through our everyday activities?

I have decided to take a gap year and created an app to help people reduce carbon emissions from their shopping and transport activities. Even though I’d never written any program before, my will was greater than any excuse I could think of. The first version was just a one-screen app. Through the lockdown, I’ve had only 70 people to test the concept with and barely created any impact. Plus, the process of leading a social organization seemed like a small boat in a rough sea to me. But instead of giving up, I chose to fill the gap. And the coolest thing was that the more I was learning, the more people got interested in the idea. Through every leadership program, I built a stronger user community where each person was equally passionate and brave to make a change. Their enthusiasm was my greatest fuel for innovation.

Today, through the app, over 4,000 people reduced more than 150,000 kg carbon emissions. The app turned into an international movement. I proved to myself that miracles really happen when you dare to make a change.

【小题1】What inspired the author to create the app?
A.The active involvement of thousands of users.
B.The author’s contributions to community service.
C.The influence of human activities on global warming.
D.Similarities between fighting climate change and COVID-19.
【小题2】What can we know about the app from the passage?
A.It is a well-designed app.
B.It is for leading an organization.
C.It inspires people worldwide to make changes.
D.It became an instant hit when it was first invented.
【小题3】How can we describe the author?
A.Determined and creative.B.Brave and adventurous.
C.Friendly and cautious.D.Kind and humorous.
【小题4】What message does the story convey?
A.Solving Covid-19 is the key to inventions.
B.Ups and downs often lead where you belong.
C.Creativity results from challenging the authorities.
D.Miracles do occur if you have the courage to make a change.

Scientists in Rome have unveiled the first bionic(仿生的) hand with a sense of touch that can be worn outside a laboratory. The recipient, Almerina Mascarello, who lost her left hand in an accident nearly 25 years ago, said “It’s almost like it is back again”.

In 2014 the same international team produced the world’s first feeling bionic hand. But the sensory and computer equipment it was linked to was too large to leave the laboratory. Now the technology is small enough to fit in a backpack, making it portable.

The prosthetic hand (假肢) has sensors that detect information about whether an object is soft or hard. These messages are linked to a computer in a backpack that converts these signals into a language the brain will understand. The information is relayed to Almerina’s brain via tiny electrodes(电极) implanted in nerves in the upper arm. In tests Almerina - who was blindfolded - was able to tell whether the object she was picking up was hard or soft.

Professor Silvestro Micera, a neuroengineer at EPFL in Lausanne and Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa told me, “We are going more and more in the direction of science fiction movies like Luke Skywalker's bionic hand in Star Wars - a fully controlled, fully natural, sensorised prosthesis, identical to the human hand.” A robotic prosthesis better than the human hand is still a long way off, but the team believe it might eventually be a reality.

Almerina was able to keep the bionic hand for six months, but it has now been removed, as it is still a prototype. The scientific team say they hope to miniaturise(使小型化)the technology even further so that a sensory bionic hand can be commercialised. Almerina said that when the bionic hand is perfected, she would like it back for good.

【小题1】What did the underlined word “it” in Para.1 refer to?
A.The bionic hand.B.Her lost hand.C.The sense of touch.D.The accident.
【小题2】What does Para.3 mainly talk about?
A.How the bionic hand is developed.B.How Almerina feels in the experiment.
C.How the bionic hand works.D.How to use the bionic hand.
【小题3】Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A.The world’s first bionic hand is not practical in terms of size.
B.The researchers believe a robotic prosthesis will be better than the human hand.
C.The researchers got the idea after being inspired by the film, Star Wars.
D.We can hardly distinguish the bionic hand from a real one.
【小题4】What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A.Almerina is still wearing the experimental hand.
B.We can buy the bionic hand in the market.
C.The scientific team is skeptical about the future of the bionic hand.
D.Almerina will buy one after the bionic hand is perfected.

Creativity is the ability to generate novel, useful ideas and innovation is the successful application of those ideas. With this in mind, it is easy to think that technology has made us more creative; the digital revolution has clearly produced a large number of innovative products and services.

However, it would be naive to imply that these activities are truly indicative of creativity, even if quantity does eventually lead to quality. For instance, the probability of taking a great photograph does increase when there are millions of Instagram pictures taken every day, and when 500 million tweets are generated daily, it is highly probable that one or two will be funny.

Yet, much of the content people generate is unimportant and unoriginal. Before the Internet it would have stayed in the minds of their authors, but our thoughts can now be broadcasted to the world as if they were worthy creations. The only thing that appears to have increased, rather greatly, is people’s self-perceived creativity. From the use of emoji instead of words, to the use of predetermined functions to express our views — liking, sharing and disliking, these new forms human interaction promote efficient but lazy behaviors so that we can devote more time to consuming more content.

Although user-generated content has been growing rapidly in the past decade, much of it is noise and the result is that valuable and trustworthy information is now harder to find. In an age of information glut, everything is freely available but knowledge is hard to gain. This paradox highlights the importance of the “less is more” philosophy of life.

Curiosity evolved to make sense of the world and help us master our environments. Our ancestors must have benefited from taking on as much information from their surroundings as they could paying attention to everything and turning into the learning machine. Yet in an age of information glut, the curious mind is forced to ignore as much of the available data as it can, in order to consume only what is valuable.

【小题1】Why are the examples of great pictures and funny tweets mentioned in Paragraph 2?
A.To show quantity will lead to quality
B.To explain creativity is something impressive
C.To show technology hasn’t made us more creative
D.To explain innovative products come from creativity
【小题2】What does the author think of the new forms of human interaction?
A.They are worthy creations
B.They kill people’s creativity actually
C.They prevent effective communication
D.They help people consume more useful content
【小题3】Which of the following explains the underlined part “This paradox” in the last but one paragraph?
A.There are more resources for knowledge but few people are willing to use them
B.Too much information has generated material wealth but not spiritual wealth
C.We live in an age of information explosion but we find it difficult to get knowledge
D.Many people stick to the “less is more” philosophy with large amounts of information at hand.

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