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The advice to drink eight glasses of water per day to stay healthy could be misleading, a new study has found.

The research looked at data from 5,600 people across 26 countries with ages ranging from seven days old to 96 years old. It found that people may need less than this amount per day, but requirements can vary on an individual basis.

“The science has never supported the old eight glasses thing as an appropriate guideline, mainly because it confused total water turnover* with water from drinks. And a lot of your water comes from the food you eat,” says lead author of the study, Professor Dale Schoeller. “This study is the best we’ve done so far to measure how much water people actually consume on a daily basis, and the major factors that drive water turnover.”

Results show daily water needs peak among men aged 20-29, but they remain the same for women from the age of 20 to 55. The team also found that men’s and women’s water requirements differ by about two glasses, or half a liter. The average 20-year-old man of normal weight living in a temperate climate would take in and lose about 3.2 liters every day. For women, that number is closer to 2.7.

According to the study, physical activity level explained the largest proportion of the differences in water turnover, followed by sex, the Human Development Index (人类发展指数), and age. The researchers found hunter-gatherers and farmers in developing nations had higher water turnover than those in industrialized economies. In other words, the lower your home country’s Human Development Index, the more water you go through in a day.

“That’s representing the combination of several factors,” Schoeller continues. “Those people in low HDI countries are more likely to live in areas with higher average temperatures, and more likely to be performing physical labor. That, plus being less likely to have access to a sip of clean water whenever they need it, makes their water turnover higher.”

The results of the study will have an influence on global warming. The researchers hope that the study will be able to help to predict more specific and accurate future water needs.


* water turnover:
水周转量,即水的总交换量,包括了我们摄入的水分和流失的水分。
【小题1】What can be learned from the new study?
A.Women need less water per day when turning twenty.
B.Men consume the most water per day in their 20s.
C.Men consume two liters of water per day more than women.
D.The daily water turnover of a man doubles that of a woman.
【小题2】What’s Professor Dale Schoeller’s attitude towards the eight glasses theory?
A.Approved.B.Objective.
C.Negative.D.Unclear.
【小题3】Which are the factors mentioned in the text that cause the difference in water turnover among people?
a. Gender difference.
b. Water drinking habits.
c. The amount of physical work a person performs.
d. The level of development of the country a person lives in.
A.acdB.bcd
C.abdD.abc
【小题4】What does Schoeller explain in the sixth paragraph?
A.The water shortage problem faced by low HDI countries.
B.The poor living condition of people in low HDI countries.
C.Why people living in low HDI countries have higher water turnover.
D.Why people living in low HDI countries cannot get clean water.
2023·宁夏银川·一模
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Parties for teens can be great fun, but they can also be incredibly stressful for the person trying to pull them off! Don’t worry. There are some particular considerations for you to figure out. 【小题1】

Plan in advance

Throwing a party for a teenager can be a difficult process. 【小题2】 If you’re the teen planning the party, you’ll need plenty of time to check in with your parents and talk to your friends.

Set a time

You want to make sure that the teen’s friends can make it to the party, so try for advance notice for a bigger party. 【小题3】 Avoid school nights and Sunday nights during the school year. Teens should, hopefully, be rested for school and have time to do their schoolwork. Partying will cut into that time.

【小题4】

Again, this can depend on the type of party, but it’s usually a good idea to have different designated areas for different activities. Make sure that you’ve provided obvious trash containers in each area. This will make it easier for them to be less messy and have the clean-up be easier. It’s best if the teen figures out where each area to be because they know their friends best.

Clean up afterwards

It’s best to have the teen clean-up as a part of their learning process. They have the party, so they have to clean-up afterwards. They should also know they’ll be taking care of whatever happens. 【小题5】 Put on some music to make it more enjoyable.

A.Set up zones for the party
B.Make sure the place is easy to find
C.Once you’ve got those done, you’ll be ready to go.
D.They can ask a few friends to stay afterwards to help.
E.For a smaller party, you usually won’t need as much time.
F.The parents of the invited teens should be well informed.
G.The opinions of teenagers and their parents are often in entirely different universes.

A part-time job can build kids' skills, make good use of their spare time, and fill their pockets. But before your teen goes to work, here's what you both need to know to avoid any accidents.

Do your homework. Before your teen says “yes” to a job, find out as much as you can about the possible employer and the workplace. For example, if it's a restaurant, stop in for dinner or lunch; if it's a supermarket, shop there sometimes. Take note of how the manager treats the employees and whether safety measures(安全措施) are being followed.

Know the laws. Explain laws to your teen so he will know if he is asked to do anything unsuitable (like working beyond allowed hours). Go to youthrules. dol. gov/states. htm for more information.

Set up your own rules. Don't just rely on the law. You may need to be stricter. Even if it's legal for your teen to work until 7 p.m. on a school night, for example, you may want him home by 6 p.m. so he's not driving after dark.

________. Your teen may not tell you how things are going—you'll have to pull it out of him.“How was work today?” is likely to produce a meaningless answer “Fine”. Instead, ask, “Does the manager ever ask you to work after you clock out?” Or,“How closely does your manager watch to make sure you do things the right way?” You need to know whether a kid who was hired to do something innocuous has been asked to do something risky. Sad stories are often heard from parents who say,“When my teen got this job, she was hired as an assistant waiter. I didn't know they'd put her in the back using a slicing machine(切片机)”.

【小题1】For whom is the text mainly written?
A.Students.B.Lawyers.
C.Parents.D.Teachers.
【小题2】Which of the following is the most suitable to fill in the blank?
A.Ask leading questions
B.Follow your teens
C.Talk with bosses
D.Know what the job is
【小题3】The underlined word “innocuous” in the last paragraph probably means “________”.
A.safeB.tiring
C.interestingD.difficult
【小题4】What is the text mainly about?
A.Relations between parents and kids.
B.Laws protecting teenage laborers.
C.How to choose a part-time job.
D.How to keep teens safe at work.

In our everyday lives we meet situations in which we take many things for granted(不去重视).We only treasure things when they are gone.This is a sad truth of human nature.One day,I found myself as a witness to a similar situation.

One evening,I left work and boarded the train.After entering,I noticed something unusual.The center of the car had a few empty seats while both ends were crowded with people standing.I didn't pay much attention and sat down on one of the empty seats.I sensed a funny smell.It wasn't long before I noticed a homeless person sleeping on three seats in front of me.He was bleeding from his nose.Why wasn't anyone helping him?

His clothes were torn and he was giving off a strange smell.Along with the smell,his eyes were dull,watery and red.Occasionally he scratched himself and people looked at him as if he had committed a crime.As the train stopped at stations and more people came in they covered their noses and faced away from him.All the seats around him were empty.

Suddenly,he began to swear at the people around him.A plain clothes policeman who looked like a construction worker took out his certificate and showed it to the homeless man.The officer,not wanting to touch the homeless man, told him his rights and directed him to exit the train.As the officer walked the man out of the train,the homeless man turned around and said "MY HOME!" and started crying.

A man doesn't value things until they are gone.If he didn't have a home,at least he had freedom.Now he has neither.No one wants to help someone who won't help himself.

【小题1】When entering the car,how did the author feel at first?
A.Annoyed.B.Puzzled.
C.Sad.D.Calm.
【小题2】How did people react to the homeless man?
A.They caught him and called the police.
B.They covered him with clean clothes.
C.They disliked and avoided him.
D.They stared at him curiously.
【小题3】It can be learned that the policeman        .
A.was very rude to the man
B.sent the man back to his hometown
C.forced the man to leave the city
D.went off the train with the man
【小题4】What does the author think of the homeless man?
A.He is a loser of life.B.He is worth our respect.
C.He is very funny.D.He is a fearless fighter.

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