Chimps will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the 【小题1】 requirements as social beings, they have little instinct to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly 【小题2】 to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.

In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at 【小题3】-he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets 【小题4】 or not. Chimps are truly selfish.

Human children, on the other hand, are extremely 【小题5】. From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands 【小题6】 trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.

There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught but naturally 【小题7】 in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave 【小题8】. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive (认知的) skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests, but were 【小题9】 better at understanding the social world. The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can 【小题10】 what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.

An Encounter with Nature

As a nature photographer, I have to 【小题1】 the elements. But despite the wind and the rain, I still enjoy 【小题2】outside in the wild. One of the best things about this job is that you can observe animals in their natural environment.

My favourite place to take photos is Yellowstone National Park. As the world’s first national park, Yellowstone is famous for the variety of its wildlife, but it is 【小题3】 best known for its bears. These huge, strong animals can live for 30 years. Despite a weight of up to 300 kilograms, they can run at a speed of around 64 kilometres per hour and are also 【小题4】 swimmers.

Last spring in Yellowstone, I followed a path that took me through a dark forest. When I finally stepped out of the trees, the view was 【小题5】. An eagle flew over the snow-capped mountains, which were reflected in the still lake below. While I was concentrating on photographing this amazing scene, I 【小题6】 had a feeling that I was being watched. Slowly, and with the camera still held to my eye, I turned… and froze. Only meters away from me was a bear. With water 【小题7】 off its thick, brown hair, the bear stared back at me. Time stood still as the bear and I both waited to see who would move first. My legs started 【小题8】. Somehow, I forced my finger to press the button. A second later, the bear turned and ran back into the forest. When I recovered from the shock, I looked at my camera. My most frightening but magical experience was now 【小题9】 forever in a single image.

From time to time I look at the photo as a 【小题10】 to show respect to all animals. It is after all we who are the visitors to their world.

The World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF) 【小题1】 the many species of plants and animals that 【小题2】 around the world. The WWF wants more people to 【小题3】 the problem, so they will stop hurting wildlife and 【小题4】 solutions. Very few people in modern society actually intend to harm animals. Most people do not realise that many animal species cannot 【小题5】 the changes brought about by modern civilisation. It is for this reason that the WWF constantly 【小题6】 information to stir up public interest in the welfare of the planet.