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Definitions of adult learning vary, but it is usually defined as all forms of learning undertaken by adults after having left initial education and training, however far this process may have gone.

Education and training are important factors for achieving the strategy objectives of raising economic growth, competitiveness and social inclusion. However, with some exceptions, the process of implementing education and training remains weak. Most education and training systems are still largely focused on the education and training of young people and limited progress has been made in changing systems to mirror the need for learning throughout the lifespan.

An additional 4 million adults would need to participate in lifelong learning. Recent research confirms the importance of investing in adult learning. The research on adults indicates that those who engage in learning are healthier, with a consequent reduction in healthcare costs.

The big economic challenge in Europe is to raise its growth and employment performance while preserving social cohesion(凝聚力). The rapid progress in other regions of the world shows the importance of creative, advanced and quality education and training as key factors of economic competitiveness. General levels of competence must increase, both to meet the needs of the labour market and to allow citizens to function well in today's society.

Europe is facing big demographic(人口的) changes that will have a major impact on society and on the economy and consequently on education and training provision and needs. Over the next 30 years, the number of younger Europeans will fall by 15%. One in three Europeans will be over 60 years old, and about one in ten will be over 80.

Given the challenges identified above, raising the overall level of skills of the adult population by offering more and better learning opportunities throughout adult life is important for both efficiency and equity reasons. Not only does lifelong learning help make adults more efficient workers and more active citizens, it also contributes to their personal well-being.

【小题1】Which can replace the underlined word “implementing” in paragraph 2?
A.Carrying out.
B.Taking in.
C.Knowing about.
D.Looking over.
【小题2】What can we learn from the research?
A.Adults have reduced healthcare costs.
B.Learning is good for adults’ health.
C.Few adults need to receive learning.
D.More research will focus on learning.
【小题3】What problem does Europe face according to the text?
A.Europeans are not healthy.
B.Many old Europeans have died.
C.The European population is aging.
D.Young Europeans are out of work.
【小题4】What does the author want to express in the last paragraph?
A.Lifelong learning is essential.
B.Raising adult population is significant.
C.We should help more efficient workers.
D.Work contributes to personal well-being.
2023·河南焦作·二模
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There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.

Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one’s field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.

Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion of others can hold back your true spirit.

Generalists on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective into specific fields of expertise. The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.

Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. “I don’t know where it will lead, but I’m excited I’m on this pursuit.”

These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy.

【小题1】To become a specialist, one may have to ______ .
A.narrow his range of knowledgeB.avoid responsibilities at work
C.know more about the societyD.broaden his perspective on life
【小题2】The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to ______ .
A.treasure their freedomB.travel around the world
C.spend most time workingD.enjoy meeting funny people
【小题3】According to the author, a superior doctor is one who ______ .
A.is fully aware of his talent and abilityB.is a pure specialist in medicine
C.should love poetry and philosophyD.brings knowledge of other fields to work
【小题4】What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni?
A.Passion alone does not ensure a person’s success.
B.In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C.Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D.Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.

As I was reading a recent story in Slate on 20-somethings complaining about how the economy was ruining their life plans, I couldn’t help but think the 20-somethings sounded like a bunch of spoiled children who grew up expecting everything to be easy for them. As a 20-something myself, I certainly share their disappointment: my husband and I probably won’t be able to buy a house until we’re in our 40s, and we too are burdened by student loans(贷款). But why should it be any different? Being young persons in America, shouldn’t they take up all of the challenges and opportunities that this country offers?

Consider some of these views shared in the Slate story: Jennifer, 29, owner of a two-bedroom apartment with her husband, worries that she won’t be able to have children for at least a decade because they can’t afford to buy a house yet.

I read that, and I thought, what planet is she living on where you need to own a house in order to have kids? Has she ever visited a developing country? Home ownership is a luxury(奢华), not a fertility requirement.

A 26-year-old in the story despairs(绝望) that he can’t afford to get a Ph.D. in literature. Well, that sounds a bit like expressing disappointment that no one will pay you to write poetry on the beach in Thailand for five years.

Yes, it’s sad that these young people feel so lost. But I think the problem is their extremely high expectations, not economic reality. Beth Kobliner, author of Get a Financial Life: Personal Finance in Your Twenties and Thirties, says that she thinks people’s expectations are slowly adjusting, but today’s 20-somethings grew up at a time when everyone’s wealth appeared to be expanding.

It seems a lot better for our mental health to focus on being grateful-for our one-bedroom apartments, for living in modern cities, or perhaps just for being able to eat three meals a day-than on longing for some kind of luxury life.

【小题1】What makes the author think the 20-somethings sound like a bunch of spoiled children?
A.They expect everything to be easy for them.
B.They complain that the economy is spoiling their life plans.
C.They are reluctant(不情愿的) to face all of the challenges.
D.They are burdened by student loans.
【小题2】The underlined word “fertility” in Paragraph 3 probably means      .
A.baby productionB.pleasant
C.baby comfortD.essential
【小题3】Which of the following is NOT one of the complaints of the 20-somethings?
A.They can’t have children for at least a decade to buy a house.
B.They have only one-bedroom apartment to live in.
C.They can’t buy a house until 40 because of student loans.
D.They despair at not being able to afford a Ph.D. in literature.
【小题4】What is the author’s purpose of writing this passage?
A.To tell us what the author’s attitude towards the 20 – somethings.
B.To explain why young people can’t afford to buy a house.
C.To suggest what we should do when young people’s high hopes create despair.
D.To explain what the 20 – something’s high expectations are.

A first year undergraduate (本科生) student in Chengdu, recently complained (抱怨) online that her mother refused to raise her monthly allowance to 4,500 yuan ($633) even when she said her current allowance (津贴,生活费) 2,000 yuan was not enough to cover her expenses, sparking a debate on how much money a college student needs per month. One expert shares his views on the issue with China Daily: Students should pursue education, not comfort.

Even for a college student studying in a big city in China, 2,000 yuan is enough to cover all his or her monthly expenses. In fact, for a college student in Chengdu, a monthly allowance of 2,000 yuan is more than enough. According to a survey (调查), the average monthly expense for an undergraduate in cities other than Beijing, Shanghai and Hangzhou was less than 2,000 yuan in 2019; for Chengdu, it was 1,900 yuan.

Claiming that she can hardly afford new clothing and cosmetics (化妆品) with her 2,000 yuan monthly allowance, the undergraduate student in Chengdu criticized (批评) her mother for refusing to raise her pocket money. Her “meager” allowance, she said, prevented her from buying branded goods that her roommates enjoyed.

By the time a person enters a college, she or he should have developed a sensible consumption (消费) habit. And a youth should adjust her or his consumption according to her or his family income. On a deeper level, the money they spend in college should depend on how much they value their parents' hard work. Besides, some college students could take up part-time jobs to meet their needs if they feel their parents don't or can't give them enough money. In this way they can also learn to meet the requirements of life in the future and develop sensible consumption habits. More importantly, they should always bear in mind that education is their top priority in college.

【小题1】What's the expert's attitude to the issue about the undergraduate student?
A.Critical.B.Neutral.C.Supportive.D.Unconcerned.
【小题2】In 2019, the undergraduates' average monthly expense in Hangzhou was               .
A.more than 2,000 yuanB.633 dollars
C.less than 2,000 yuanD.1,900 yuan
【小题3】Which of the following best explains the underlined word “meager” in paragraph 3?
A.Empty.B.Pitiful.C.Mean.D.Fruitful.
【小题4】What does the last paragraph mainly talk about?
A.College students should keep their expenses in line with their family conditions.
B.College students consumption level is determined by their parents.
C.College students should take up a part-time job to cover their expenses.
D.College students should deal with their living expenses problems reasonably.

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