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Those who don’t live in cities often complain about or feel surprised at the fact that strangers don’t talk to each other in urban public places. They feel sorry about the way we seem to increasingly get lost in mobile devices, seemingly oblivious to what’s going on around us. But sociologists recognize that the space we give each other in the urban places serves an important social function.

Well-known sociologist Erving Goffman developed the concept of   “civil inattention” in his book Behavior in Public Places. Far from ignoring those around us, Goffman proved through years of studying people in public that what we’re actually doing is pretending to be unaware of what others are doing around us, therefore providing them a sense of privacy, as they do the same for us. Goffman proved in his research that civil inattention typically involves at first a mirror form of social interaction, like very brief eye contact, the exchange of head nods, or weak smiles. Following that, both parties then typically shin their eyes from the other party.

Goffman theorized that what we achieve, socially speaking, with this kind of interaction, is mutual (相互的) recognition that the other present causes no threat to our security, and we both agree, tacitly (默契地), to let the other alone to do as they please. When we provide civil inattention to others, we effectively approve their behavior. Sometimes, we use civil inattention to save face when we’ve done something we feel embarrassed by, or to help manage the embarrassment that another might feel if we witness them trip, or drop something.

Civil inattention is thus not a problem, but an important part of maintaining social order in public. For this reason, problems arise when this norm (规范) is broken. Because we expect it from others and see it as normal behavior, we may feel threatened by someone who doesn’t give it to us. This is why women feel threatened by those who catcall (发嘘声)to them, and why for some men, simply being stared at by another is enough to cause a physical fight.

【小题1】How does the author begin this text?
A.By giving people a warning.
B.By giving some people’s feelings.
C.By explaining a way of socializing.
D.By giving a problem with technology.
【小题2】What does the underlined phrase “oblivious to” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean?
A.curious about
B.unsure about
C.tired of
D.unaware of
【小题3】What do we actually mean when we look away from a stranger, according to Goffman?
A.We are ignoring him on a rude basis.
B.We are showing our respect for others’ privacy.
C.We are protecting ourselves from physical attacks.
D.We are worrying that we could lose belongings.
【小题4】What can be learned from the text about civil inattention?
A.Civil inattention has positive effects on social interaction.
B.Civil inattention helps save face when we’ve done something wrong.
C.Civil inattention is unlinked to social interaction according to Goffman.
D.Civil inattention is a type of normal behavior which we may feel threatened.
23-24高三上·广东潮州·期末
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Do you ever worry that you might waste food? During the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, many people around the world were going hungry, but people came up with unique ways to try and help. One of these was to put fridges filled with food outside for people who needed it. The movement was very popular in the US, but there have also been community fridges all around the world as well.

Back in 2016, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Pauline, a restaurant owner in Kochi, India, had the bright idea to put a fridge in the street to stop unused food from going to waste and to help the needy. The idea came to her late one night when she saw a lady searching in a rubbish can for food. Watching the woman, she had a sad thought.

“The woman had been sleeping and was woken up by her hunger, so she had to go in search of food instead of sleeping,” said Pauline. She felt really sad that night because the restaurant had made lots of food that could have been given to her.

Over in the UK, the idea of communal (公共的) fridges was used in Sommerset to fight against food waste and hunger issues, encouraging people to donate and also take unwanted food. UK supermarkets and eateries like Marks & Spencer and Greggs have regularly helped the poor and hungry.

Now there is a large movement in the UK to provide communal fridges. One charity, Hubbub, now operates the Community Fridge Network. The network supports groups running communal fridges across the UK, which now number over 300 fridges. Hubbub has partnered with Co-op to provide 500 fridges so far.

“A fridge is so often much more than a fridge,” said Hubbub’s official website. “The fridges connect people together, address social isolation (隔绝) and provide people with the opportunity to access healthy food, try something new and save money.”

【小题1】What inspired Pauline to put a fridge in the street?
A.The poor conditions the Indian people lived in
B.The hunger she’d experienced in her childhood.
C.Seeing a lady looking for food in a rubbish can.
D.Throwing away unused food into the rubbish can.
【小题2】What does Hubbub aim to do?
A.Encourage people to donate for the poor.
B.Collect unwanted food to help the hungry.
C.Transport and repair fridges across the UK
D.Help the Community Fridge Network work well.
【小题3】What does Hubbub’s official website say about the communal fridges?
A.They change the global food issues.
B.They encourage a food-saving lifestyle.
C.They raise public awareness of healthy eating.
D.They bring people together by helping the needy.
【小题4】What does the text focus on?
A.Charity.B.Education.C.Health.D.Sports.

Once eating alone was just that: sitting down in a restaurant on one’s own and eating a meal. Everyone did it sometimes, and when they did so, 【小题1】 . To eat alone might suggest that you didn’t have any friends. There was a kind of shame attached to it.

Nowadays, however, there is more and more solitary (独自的) eating for pleasure. 【小题2】 . “Foodies”—people with a passionate interest in cuisines—do it because all they need is the chance to eat good food. They don’t want company or conversation, but only the joy of eating some special dish. Other people eat alone because it’s simply practical for them to do so. For instance, it’s estimated that nearly a third of all the customers of fast-food restaurants eat alone. They are served with their food fast, eat it fast and then leave fast. 【小题3】

But the appeal of eating alone is quite different. 【小题4】 . For the hour or so that it takes to have a meal, they can forget all the pressures of their lives. They don’t have to deal with their family or job. They can relax and let their mind wander. Maybe they’ll bring a book, a newspaper to enjoy a quiet time.

David Annand, editor of Conde Nast Traveler magazine, who delights in dining alone, speaks of his pleasure in the “rhythm of a meal in a restaurant—its ebb and flow (人来人往), the periodic arrival and departure of the waiter”. 【小题5】 .

A.It’s an experience of freedom
B.they might be a little embarrassed
C.People choose to eat alone for various reasons
D.none of them would feel bad about themselves
E.Sometimes staying alone is quite cosy when you don’t work
F.This restaurant rhythm allows him to sit back, observe and think
G.It saves time if they have a meeting or a child to pick up from school

Over the past two weeks, I've lost my passport, barked at a neighbor and published a picture of myself wearing a kid's superhero costume. Forgetfulness, anger and poor decision-making are all signs of sleep shortage.

And I'm not alone.

“I average around six hours a night,” admits Paul, who's lived in Shanghai for three years. “But how much of that is deep sleep, I don't know.”

Lisa works in a hotel. “I struggle to switch off,” she says, “a glass of red wine with dinner helps.”

March 21 is the World Sleep Day, an annual event in celebration of slumber, or sleep. When sleep problems become a global epidemic, it's time to ask: “Am I getting enough?”

The lack of sleep throughout industrialized nations is damaging our health, wellness and safety. We're dog-tired, the impact of which is enough to keep anyone up at night.

A global experiment is performed on 1.6 billion people across 70 countries twice a year: daylight savings. When one hour of sleep is lost in spring, there's a 24 percent increase in heart attacks, and in autumn, when the hour is regained, a 21 percent reduction.

Good sleep increases concentration, attention and decision-making. Creativity goes up, and our ability to find novel solutions to complex problems is hugely improved. Sleep reduces mood swings and stress levels. We drink less alcohol and make better food choices when rested.

Take sleep seriously. It's not a luxury, but a biological necessity. It's our life-support system and let it be our superpower.

【小题1】Why does the author mention his own experiences in Paragraph 1?
A.To draw attention to his situation.B.To complain about lacking sleep.
C.To introduce the topic of the text.D.To raise a question about deep sleep.
【小题2】What does the underlined phrase “switch off” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A.Turn off.B.Disinterest someone.C.Stop talking.D.Fall asleep.
【小题3】What is the finding of the global experiment?
A.The loss of sleep increases the risk of heart attacks.
B.Short sleep is linked to mental health problems.
C.Good sleep leads to better work performances.
D.Red wine is effective in treating sleeplessness.
【小题4】What does the author suggest about sleep?
A.Celebrating the World Sleep Day.B.Paying attention to sleep problems.
C.Getting six hours' sleep every day.D.Taking sleeping pills when necessary.

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