Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Throughout the world, only 15% of the material that are used to make clothing is properly recycled, according to the Alle SacUrthur Club, an organization in Liverpool, UK, that boosts the circular economy. Most clothing waste—an 【小题1】(estimate) 82 million tonnes from the fashion industry alone-produced every year ends up buried or burnt.
【小题2】(handle) all that waste, methods to recover and reuse the material are intended as an active response to the future risks by researchers and start-up companies. Much of their focus is on chemical recycling, 【小题3】 the material is broken down into its building blocks and applied to create new materials, including fibres that 【小题4】 (weave) into new clothes. The challenges lie in 【小题5】 (develop) the processes for such treatment. They have to be practical, but they also have to be at least as cost-effective as simply making new fibres.
【小题6】 the natural cellulose fibres from cotton, some other materials include human-made cellulosic fibres. They are derived from wood-pulp cellulose and may be used to produce materials such as viscose (rayon) and a similar material called lyocell.
A change in the manufacturing process is being applied to the textile-waste problem by Essen, a start-up in Seattle, Washington. 【小题7】 the company has fundamentally devoted to the process is that it uses discarded textiles, instead of wood, as the source of its cellulose. It has also adjusted the process to produce a fibre that the firm’s co-founder and president Christo Stan says is superior to 【小题8】 other cellulosics and cotton, and that can be recycled more times.
Although there are abundant technical challenges, the main barrier 【小题9】 widespread textile recycling could be economic, says materials engineer Lijiang Jiang at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Atlanta. “Most of the materials are not that invaluable,” Jiang says. So cheap it is to produce polyester, cotton and other fabrics 【小题10】 there’s little profit margin unless the recycling processes themselves are very inexpensive.
