The word “syringe (注射器)” comes from the Greek word syrinx, meaning “tube”.
The first syringe was used in Roman times during the 1st century. It was mentioned in a journal called De Medicina as being used to treat diseases. Then, in the 9th century, an Egyptian surgeon created a syringe using a glass tube.
In 1650 Blaise Pascal invented a syringe as an application of fluid mechanics that is now called Pascal’s law. He used it for testing his theory about pressure.
An Irish physician named Francis Rynd made the first recorded subcutaneous injection (皮下 注射) in I844. Then shortly thereafter in 1853 Charles Pravaz and Alexander Wood developed a medical syringe with a needle fine enough to give an injection under the skin and treat nerve conditions.
In 1899 Letitia Mumford Geer of New York was issued with a patent for a syringe design that permitted the user to operate it one-handed. However, things got more interesting and advanced in 1946 when Chance Brothers in England produced the first all-glass syringe with an interchangeable barrel and plunger (筒和活塞). This was • revolutionary because it allowed the mass-sterilization (大规模消毒) of the different components without needing to match up the individual parts.
Shortly thereafter Australian inventor Charles Rothauser created the world’s first plastic disposable (一次性的) syringe at his Adelaide factory in1949. However, because the plastic used by Rothauser softened with heat, the syringes had to be chemically dealt with before packaging, which made them expensive. Two years later he improved syringes that can be dealt with by heat. Millions were made for Australian and export markets.
Then in 1956 a New Zealand inventor Colin Murdoch was issued with patents for a disposable plastic syringe. It was closely followed by the Plastipak-a plastic disposable syringe introduced by Becton Dickinson in1961. In 1974 African American inventor Phil Brooks received a US patent for a “Disposable Syringe”.
These days syringes are used, not only in the medical and health industry, but in various other areas too.
【小题1】What happened before 1853?| A．Pascal’s law was tested in practice. |
| B．An Egyptian surgeon created the first syringe. |
| C．De Medicina introduced a syringe using a glass tube. |
| D．Charles Pravaz used a syringe to treat nerve conditions. |
| A．An all-glass syringe was patented in 1844. |
| B．A one-handed syringe was patented in 1899. |
| C．A US patent for a “Disposable Syringe” was issued in 1961. |
| D．A disposable plastic syringe was first patented in 1974. |
| A．Francis Rynd. | B．Alexander Wood. | C．Chance Brothers. | D．Charles Rothauser. |
| A．The history of the syringe |
| B．The significance of the syringe |
| C．The characteristics of the syringe |
| D．The classification of the syringe |
The next big development in cancer treatment could be a vaccine(疫苗). Aher years of limited success of vaccines to t rea t camera, scientists say research has made many advancement.
Many doctors predict more vaccines will be out in five years. They are not traditional vaccines that prevent diseases. Instead, they are shot s to shrink tumors(肿瘤 ) and stop the cancer from coming back. Targets for these experimental treatments include breast, 1mg。melanoma(黑素瘤), etc. ^
More than ever, scientists understand how cancer hides from the body’s immune system(免疫系统). Cancer vaccines, like other immune system treatments, strengthen the immune system to find and kill cancer cells. Some new cancer vaccines use mRNA, which was developed for cancer. For a vaccine to work, it needs to teach the immune system’s T cells to recognize cancer to be dangerous. Once trained, T cells can travel anywhere in the body to hunt down danger.
Drug producers Moderna is developing an mRNA vaccine tailored for patients with melanoma. Compared with other melanoma vaccines, Modema’s vaccines are designed for each patient, based on the many differences in their cancer tissue, which can train the immune system to hunt for the cancer cells and kill them.
The vaccines under development at the University of Washington are designed to work for many patients. Tests are ongoing in early and advanced breast and lung cancer. Some results may come as soon as next year. Jamie Crase was one of the first people to receive the lung cancer vaccine. Crase was diagnosed with advanced lung cancer at age 34. She thought she would die young. Now she is 50, with no sign of cancer. She does not know for sure if the vaccine helped. But she said, “I’m still here.”
【小题1】What can future cancer vaccines do according to many doctors?| A．Get rid of tumors. | B．Increase immune cells. |
| C．Avoid cancer reappearance. | D．Prevent cancers in advance. |
| A．The danger cancer cells bring. | B．The way cancer vaccines work. |
| C．The function of the immune system. | D．The composition of cancer vaccines. |
| A．It uses mRNA. | B．It is personalized. |
| C．It can hunt down danger. | D．It focuses on cancer tissue. |
| A．Cancer is no longer a threat. |
| B．The vaccines have gone through tests. |
| C．More patients will benefit from the vaccines. |
| D．Progress on cancer treatment has been slow. |
Telemedicine has existed for a long time, but the rise of smart phones, tablets and webcam-equipped computers is raising telemedicine to new levels. Some health care systems in the United States now offer Virtual Urgent Care, patients see a doctor by video chat without having to leave home.
Diana Rae is a nurse educator in the western state of Washington. She recently showed how Virtual Urgent Care works. She used an iPad tablet and skype — the video chat service.
Doctor Green has the patient describe her symptoms, then the doctor performs a physical exam by demonstrating what he wants her to do. Doctor Green decides that the problem is a silence infection. For medicine, he prescribes an antibiotic. He says about 3 out of 4 patients have health problems that can be treated like this —through Virtual Urgent Care, that means a video chat could replace a visit to the doctor's office.
The Franciscan Health System is based in Tacoma, Washington. Franciscan charges $35 for this kind of virtual house call, that is much less than the cost of going to an emergency room, a doctor's office or an urgent care clinic.
After trying the video conference, Diana Rae says, “I would've paid twice that for the convenience of getting taken care of without having to sit in a waiting room, wait, and get exposed to everyone else's germs.”
Franciscan has a deal with a company called Carena to add virtual urgent care by Skype or phone. Carena is one of several companies doing this kind of work around the country. But a company official says state rules have not kept progress with developments in telemedicine. The workers who provide virtual urgent care must be separately licensed in each state where the company does business. For now, that means Carena doctors can treat patients in Washington state and California for example, but not in neighboring Oregon or Idaho.
【小题1】The second paragraph is mainly used to show ________.
| A．why telemedicine becomes popular |
| B．the advantages of telemedicine |
| C．many factors contribute to telemedicine |
| D．what telemedicine is |
| A．through his observation of the patient |
| B．through a careful examination |
| C．by knowing what he wants her to do |
| D．by prescribing an antibiotic |
| A．are tough to deal with |
| B．can be treated through a video chat |
| C．should result from work pressure |
| D．nearly cost little to recover |
| A．he finds it convenient to see a doctor by using a video chat |
| B．he sings high praise for this kind of treatment form |
| C．he must be tired of waiting too long in the hospital |
| D．it should be very unhealthy while staying in hospital |
How to Do basic first Aid
Basic first aid refers to a temporary form of help given to someone who has been injured or has got sick due to choking, a heart attack, drugs or other medical emergencies.
Care for the person who has just gone through serious damage, including both physical treatment and emotional support.
Perform 30 chest compressions (心肺复苏) and two rescue breaths as part of CPR.
Make sure the person is warm as you wait for medical help. Remove some of your own clothing, such as your coat or jacket, and use it as a cover until medical help arrives. However, if the person has a heatstroke (中暑), do not cover him or keep him warm.
| A．Instead, try to cool him |
| B．Remember to stay calm |
| C．Perform first aid immediately |
| D．Here are some tips for first aid |
| E．It is important to take the correct chest compressions |
| F．In the center of the chest, put your two hands together first |
| G．If a person is in a state similar to sleep, he may need checking for breath |
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