With climate change on track to destroy the world’s coral reefs, scientists race to create a new super-coral that can survive extreme temperatures.
A type of microscopic algae called Symbiodiniaceae lives within most coral’s tissues. The two organisms have been living dependently for hundreds of millions of years in a way that resembles the relationship between humans and trees. The algae consume coral’s waste products, and coral consumes nutrients that the algae photosynthesize. Coral also provides shelter for algae. But when exposed to too much heat or light, the algae release harmful chemicals, so the coral casts them out. Left without their main energy source, the coral will starve to death. This is also bad news for the algae. But natural evolution has provided a biological feedback loop that can help the two reunite.
One of the compounds that algae release when water becomes hot, called DMs, bubbles up to the surface of the water and forms a thin layer, which shields the coral like a natural, on-demand layer of sunscreen. With this protection, the water cools down and algae can return to the coral and reestablish their partnership unless the water is too hot, in which case the coral consumes the components that make up DMs before it can form.
Climate change is becoming too intense for coral and algae to naturally adapt fast enough. Therefore, scientists are testing out different ways to accelerate that adaptation through various methods of assisted evolution. Some teams are currently conducting small field trials of selective breeding, where they identify the most heat-tolerant members of a sample of corals. Then they breed them together to create offspring that can be used to help restore coral reefs. Others are focusing their efforts on speeding up the algae’s adaptation, attempting to increase its heat tolerance in labs.
Ultimately, scientists may implement a cocktail of solutions to save coral reefs. “To create a super-coral, we could, for example, selectively breed heat-tolerant corals and combine that with enhanced algae, ” says van Oppen.
【小题1】What can we learn about Paragraph 2?A.The algae release damaging substances when exposed to heat. |
B.The coral eats the waste produced by the algae. |
C.The algae is to the coral what trees are to humans. |
D.The coral will die from harmful chemicals when it’s too hot. |
A.DMS can’t be formed | B.the sunscreen layer is destroyed |
C.the coral consumes DMS | D.the algae release too much DMS |
A.By analyzing causes. | B.By making a comparison. |
C.By presenting approaches. | D.By describing a process. |
A.The role played by the algae within the coral. |
B.The way to create a super-coral to save reefs. |
C.Selective breeding conducted among corals. |
D.Scientists’ efforts to increase algae’s heat tolerance. |
The Forest Eye project aims to create the largest living forest feature in England by growing 5,000 alder, beech and maple trees into the shape of a child’s eye. The trees are being planted in Dalby Forest, North Yorkshire, with the help of local young people. The trees will form an eye 300 meters wide that will be visible from the sky in about six years, when they have grown.
The project hopes to focus on the importance of young people’s ideas for creating a health y natural environment. It was designed by a company called Sand in Your Eye and has been created by Forestry England, an organization that protects forests and woodlands.
Josephine Lavelle, director at Forestry England, says, “Having the gaze of a child growing in the heart of this beautiful and ever-changing forest is a powerful symbol of how we need to listen and respond to the needs and vision of future generations.”
The project also aims to highlight the important role that forests play in fighting climate change. As well as providing a home for wildlife, trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and create oxygen that humans need to breathe. When the trees have grown, they will provide a place for lots of wild animals, like bats, birds and small mammals to live. The Forest Eye will also create a space for people to explore and connect with nature.
Jamie Wardley, artistic director at Sand in Your Eye, has plenty of experience creating pieces of “land art”. These are huge drawings and sculptures made from grass, ice and sand, including a 60-meter portrait of Swedish climate-change campaigner Greta Thunberg on a school field in Yorkshire. He says, “The trees are my paint.” “Our work is about prompting people to think deeply and respond emotionally to some of the biggest issues facing us, including the climate crisis.” Wardley also plans to develop the Forest Eye into an even bigger project. “It is our ambition to create the whole face of a young girl at the same scale, measuring 2,000 meters across. Those trees that are planted in the Forest Eye are the very beginning of this,” he says.
【小题1】What can we know about the project?A.It is planting trees to form an eye. | B.It is aimed at creating artworks. |
C.It is proposed by the local youth. | D.It is carried out in the largest forest. |
A.The argument for the project. | B.The benefits of tree. |
C.The value of children’s ideas. | D.The fight against climate change. |
A.Ignorant. | B.Adventurous. | C.Emotional. | D.Creative. |
A.Land arts take off | B.Tree planting catches on |
C.Giant eye planting kicks off | D.Environmental groups spring up |
Reducing plastic waste isn't easy because the cheap material is found in almost every household item. Now a delicious and nutritious solution has come up to help reduce our dependence on this environmental hazard(危害).
David Christian, the co-founder of Evoware, says the idea of creating the biodegradable (生物降解的)products came from concern at the country's high pollution rate. Indonesia is home to four of the world's worst polluted river. Since single-use packaging is a large contributor to the problem, Evoware decided to deal with that first.
After investigating various materials, the company settled on seaweed. Unlike corn, commonly used for biodegradable containers, seaweed does not require resources like water or large amounts of space. Since Indonesian farmers already harvest more seaweed than they can sell, it's easy for the company to find the material.
Though they will not reveal their production process, Evoware says the seaweed packaging contains no chemicals and is safe to consume. The company has also invented single-use cups, which can break down 30 days after they're thrown away.
While replacing plastic with the seaweed products may seem appealing to most of us, it is a hard-sell in Indonesia. According to Christian, The awareness to reduce single-use plastic is still very low. This makes our bioplastic unnecessary.” Also a factor is the cost, which is higher than using plastic. Hopefully, Evoware will succeed in convincing Indonesians and people worldwide that switching to their products will be helpful to protecting our beautiful planet.
【小题1】What problem did Evoware decide to deal with first?A.Ways to clean the four worst polluted rivers. |
B.How to deal with single-use packaging. |
C.Means to contribute to the country’s economy. |
D.What nutritious materials for people to use. |
A.It could be found everywhere in his country. |
B.It was most commonly used for packaging. |
C.It didn't require much space and was easy to get. |
D.It grew thickly in most of the polluted rivers. |
A.Sometimes it's hard to get people to reduce the use of plastics. |
B.Their seaweed products have won government support. |
C.Their new products have received worldwide popularity. |
D.The cost of making seaweed products will be lowered soon. |
some years back,nobody paid much attention to the waste in homes and landfills.It became so vast that the government started getting concerned the phenomenon could create a disaster.A solution had to be found,but one that is kind to humans and the environment.
Conserve natural resources
Reduce carbon emissions
Recycling greatly minimizes carbon emissions,commonly referred to as greenhouse gases.
Recycling has been proved to save up lots of energy.Companies that use recycled aluminum save up to 95% energy during production of aluminum products when compared to companies that source raw materials.
One person can make a big difference
Most people have already made up their minds that one person cannot make any difference in regard to recycling waste.That thinking might apply in other fields.In recycling,an individual can make a big difference.Averagely,every American produces about 1,600 pounds of waste every year.Up to 1,100 pounds of waste is able to be recycled every year per person.
A.Save energy |
B.Protect the environment |
C.That’s how recycling was born |
D.If these wastes were not recycled |
E.That represents half a ton per individual |
F.Many kinds of resources are considered limited |
G.You and your neighbor’s effort to recycle will mean clean surrounding air |
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