Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Cowboy or spaceman ? A dilemma for a children’s party, perhaps. But also a question for economists, argued Kenneth Boulding, in an essay published in 1966. we have run our_________, he warned like cowboys on the open grassland: taking and using the world’s resources, _________ that more lies over the horizon. But the Earth is _________ a grassland than a spaceship---a closed system, along in space, carrying exhaustible supplies. We need, said Boulding, an economics that takes seriously the idea of environmental_________. In the half century since his essay, a new movement has responded to his challenge. “Ecological economists,” as they call themselves, want to_________its aims and assumptions. What do they say---and will their ideas take off?
To its_________, ecological economics is neither ecology nor economics, but a mix of both. Their starting point is to recognize that the human economy is part of the natural world. Our environment, they note, is both a source of resources and a sink for wastes. But it is_________ in traditional textbooks, where neat diagrams trace the flows between firms, households and the government as though nature dis not exist. That is a huge mistake.
There are two ways our economies can grow, ecological economists point out: through technological change, or through maximum use of resources. Only the_________, they say, is worth having. They are suspicious of GDP(gross domestic product), a simple_________ which does not take into account resource exhaustion, unpaid work and countless other factors.__________, they advocate more holistic approaches, such as GPI(genuine progress indicator),a composite(复合的) index that include things like the cost of pollution, deforestation and car accidents. While GDP has kept growing, global GPI per person__________in 1978: by destroying our environment, we are making ourselves poorer nor richer. The solution, according to experts, lies in a ”steady-state” economy, where the use of materials and energy is held__________.
Mainstream economists are not__________. GDI, they point out, is a subjective standard. And talk of limits to growth has had a bad press since the days of Thomas Malthus, who predicted in the 18th century, wrongly, that overpopulation would lead to famine. Human beings find solutions to some of the most annoying problems. But ecological economists__________ self-satisfaction. In 2009, a paper in Nature argued that human activity is already__________safe planetary boundaries on issues such as biodiversity and climate change. That suggests ecologist economists are at least asking some important questions, even if their answers turn out to be wrong.
【小题1】A.grasslands | B.nations | C.economies | D.spaceships |
【小题2】A.ignorant | B.confident | C.astonished | D.anxious |
【小题3】A.less | B.smaller | C.more | D.larger |
【小题4】A.movements | B.influences | C.limits | D.threats |
【小题5】A.reject | B.realize | C.resemble | D.revolutionize |
【小题6】A.challengers | B.learners | C.advocates | D.professors |
【小题7】A.addressed | B.ignored | C.opposed | D.reflected |
【小题8】A.advanced | B.former | C.latter | D.scientific |
【小题9】A.number | B.product | C.idea | D.measure |
【小题10】A.In addition | B.For example | C.In other words | D.In its place |
【小题11】A.peaked | B.plunged | C.persisted | D.paused |
【小题12】A.sufficient | B.efficient | C.constant | D.adequate |
【小题13】A.impressed | B.involved | C.concerned | D.appointed |
【小题14】A.call for | B.contribute to | C.warn against | D.refer to |
【小题15】A.setting | B.overstepping | C.extending | D.redrawing |