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In an era when many parents make efforts to ensure that boys and girls have equal opportunities, a recent study found that boys are paid twice as much allowance (零花钱) as girls for doing weekly chores.

An analysis of 10,000 families across the US showed that boys earned an average of $13.80 (92 yuan) each week compared with $6.71 earned by girls, according to BusyKid, a web platform that allows kids to receive, spend, or invest their allowance.

“I think this is a wake-up call for parents to realize what they are paying, to make sure they are being as fair as possible,” said Gregg Murset, CEO of BusyKid.

According to the analysis, boys averaged more allowance than girls because they were more often assigned chores considered more physically difficult, including cutting the grass. Girls, meanwhile, were more often paid for jobs such as loading the dishwasher. Boys also earned more money because they were paid for things girls were not paid for at all, including showering and brushing their teeth.

In Illinois, Vaishali Patel tries hard to teach her two children that gender shouldn’t determine what chores they are assigned or what activities they choose. The parents don’t pay their children an allowance, and instead expect them to help with all jobs around the house.

But Patel said the children still pick up on old-fashioned gender stereotypes (刻板印象) from elsewhere, like when they tell their son to try dance classes in addition to the sports he plays.   

“He’s like, ‘No way am I doing that’,” said Patel. “Some of that is really hard to influence.”

Barbara Risman, a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, said that while Americans have come a long way in terms of offering more equal opportunities for men and women, changing mindsets (心态) forever takes even more time.

【小题1】According to the analysis, how much do girls earn on average every day in the US?
A.$6.71.B.$0.96.C.$13.80.D.$1.97.
【小题2】What is one of the reasons boys earn more allowance than girls?
A.They do less work.
B.They have no gender stereotypes.
C.Most people think their task takes little effort.
D.They can do more physically difficult chores.
【小题3】From Barbara Risman’s idea, how can women and men be offered equal opportunities?
A.Changing mindsets all the time.
B.Updating attitudes over a short time.
C.Breaking old-fashioned gender stereotypes.
D.Providing different chances for different genders.
【小题4】What is the main idea of this passage?
A.Paying equally.
B.The ways to get more allowance.
C.Differences between two different genders.
D.Boys should have more allowance than girls.
2022·湖南益阳·模拟预测
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When Sarah Harmeyer moved to Dallas, she didn’t know any of her neighbors. So she offered to invite them all to dinner—and was thrilled when 91 people showed up in her backyard. For Harmeyer, it started with a simple desire to know others in her community. And the free Nextdoor neighborhood networking app made what could seem like a tough process easy.

“I went to the app and I said, ‘If you’ve never stepped outside your house to meet your neighbors, would you consider coming? I would love to meet you’”, she said. After she reached out, Harmeyer discovered others wanted to connect just as much as she did, if not more.

Since that first request, Harmeyer has now hosted gatherings with more than 3, 500 neighbors in total. She’s had people over for backyard concerts, holiday parties and more. Harmeyer even shares hosting tips and tricks with others interested in becoming “people- gatherers” like her.

According to a recent survey, now half of Americans feel they can depend more on their neighbors and local community than before. 72% of Americans have made it more important to support local businesses and 61% now feel it’s more necessary to build connections in the neighborhood than outside their community. Research also shows that a majority of people   (58%) have a renewed appreciation of their neighborhood.

Whether it’s by picking up groceries for a disabled neighbor, offering childcare, or sharing trusted information and recommendations—like which local pizza joint satisfies tastes most—neighbors are showing up for one another and are happy to do so.

Harmeyer’s story shows how one person has the power to strengthen their entire neighborhood. Technology like Nextdoor can be used to promote real-world interactions—and, in turn, these gatherings can make positive change.

“Something is extraordinary when we reach out to each other as neighbors”, Harmeyer said.

【小题1】Why did Harmeyer invite people to have dinner when moving to Dallas?
A.To become a public figure.B.To know people around her.
C.To celebrate her new move.D.To market her own free app.
【小题2】How did the app help Harmeyer with her gatherings?
A.Posting her invitation.B.Teaching her programming.
C.Offering her specific tips.D.Presenting Internet surveys.
【小题3】What’s the new trend among the community residents?
A.Managing bigger money from their communities.
B.Sharing more information about their family gatherings.
C.Becoming more dependent on and devoted to their neighbors.
D.Building stronger connections with people outside their communities.
【小题4】Which of the following can best describe Sarah Harmeyer?
A.selfless and luckyB.sociable and helpful
C.wise and sensibleD.responsible and humorous

Attracting people will earn you new friends and relationship. If you are an attractive person, both inside and out, you can have better bonds with your peers. 【小题1】 All you have to do is start with yourself and the rest will come.

Don’t forget to smile. A smile is the best accessory(配饰)you can wear if you want to attract people. It sends out a message that you are happy and very approachable. 【小题2】 It will make your face look warmer and more positive.

Care about other people. 【小题3】 Try to be more conscious about how you relate with other people. If you notice that you talk about yourself constantly, you may come across as very unlikable to people.

【小题4】 Open a door for a workmate who is carrying things. Say “thank you” to the waiter when he gets your order. If you see a friend feeling down, try to cheer her or him up. Things like that make a big influence on the impression people have of you.

Be true to yourself. If you’re not true to yourself then you won’t be happy. What would be the point of attracting other people if you have no happiness to give? Always remember that attractiveness starts from within.【小题5】 This is the true secret to attracting other people: be-cause all of the tips above will not work unless you are true to yourself.

A.Be confident.
B.It’s not hard to attract people.
C.Make efforts to do the small things.
D.Selfishness is not a feature that attracts people.
E.Your smile should be relaxing and come from heart.
F.Your physical appearance can attract other people as much as your manners.
G.If you’re happy with yourself, you’ll attract other people naturally with no effort.

Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The threat of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives can also backfire, diminishing the very behavior they’re meant to encourage.

A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood reduced the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea of changes in how economists think about incentives — showing, among other things, that Titmuss was right often enough that businesses should take note.

Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity reverses the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can backfire when they undermine what Adam Smith called “the moral sentiments”. The psychology here has confused blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: when we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuff — we are also trying to be a certain kind of person. People desire to be esteemed by others and to be seen as ethical and dignified. And they don’t want to be taken for suckers. Rewarding blood donations may backfire because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being selfless than in making a buck. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employer mistrusts the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with pay for performance is textbook economics — and a prescription for gloomy employees.

Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we’re being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they can imply — sometimes wrongly — what motivates us. Fines or public criticism that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of littering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they offend or diminish our ethical sensibilities.

This does not mean it’s impossible to appeal to self-interested and ethical motivations at the same time — just that efforts to do so often fail. Ideally, policies support socially valued ends not only by harnessing self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags enacted in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect. It punished offenders monetarily while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of antisocial conduct.

【小题1】From the first two paragraphs, we know that __________.
A.economists didn’t agree with Titmuss for the lack of empirical evidence
B.organizational and social progresses depend on economic incentives
C.economic incentives actually discourage people to behave well
D.economists now prompt businesses to note down Titmuss’s claim
【小题2】According to experimental economists, __________.
A.more money is offered, fewer people donate blood
B.a decreasing number of people donate blood for charity
C.economic incentives may run in the opposite direction
D.economic incentives clash with “the moral sentiments”
【小题3】We know from the text that incentives to are characterized as __________.
A.double-edgedB.self-interested
C.counter-productiveD.public-spirited
【小题4】The small tax on plastic grocery bags in Ireland is mentioned to show that __________.
A.Ireland is determined to eliminate plastic pollution
B.incentive policies by the government are more effective
C.incentives can make use of self-interest and encourage good deeds
D.monetary punishments usually have moral implications

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