A new study focused on birds examines how the movements of rivers in the Amazon have contributed to that area’s exceptional biological diversity. The research team, led by the American Museum of Natural History, found that as small river systems change over time, they spur the evolution of new species. The findings also reveal previously unknown bird species in the Amazon that are only found in small areas next to these dynamic river systems, putting them at high risk of extinction.
The lowland rainforests of the Amazon River basin harbor(藏匿) more diversity than any other ecosystem on the planet. It is also a globally important biome(生物群落)containing about 18 percent of all trees on Earth and carrying more fresh water than the next seven largest river basins combined. Researchers have long wondered and hotly debated how the Amazon’s rich biodiversity arose and accumulated.
“Early evolutionary biologists like Alfred Russel Wallace noticed that many species of primates and birds differ across opposite riverbanks in the Amazon,” said the study’s lead author Lukas Musher.“ Moreover, accumulating geological evidence has suggested that these rivers are highly dynamic, moving around the South American landscape over relatively short time periods, on the order of thousands or tens of thousands of years.”
To investigate how the movement of rivers across the landscape has influenced the accumulation of bird species in the Amazon, the researchers sequenced the genomes(基因组)of six species of Amazonian birds.
Because these rivers move around the landscape at different time scales, their movements can have varying outcomes for bird species: when river rearrangements occur quickly, populations of birds on each side can combine before they’ve had time to differ; when river changes happen slowly, species have a longer time to diverge from one another.
【小题1】What does the underlined word “spur” in Paragraph 1 mean?A.Stimulate. | B.Renew. | C.Pursue. | D.Interrupt. |
A.What the Amazon’s biodiversity indicates. |
B.How Amazon bird species are at risk of distinction. |
C.Whether the Amazon has the richest biodiversity. |
D.How the Amazon’s biodiversity was formed. |
A.There are six species of American birds. |
B.River movement may lead to the Amazon’s biodiversity. |
C.Most species differ across opposite Amazon riverbanks. |
D.Rivers move very slowly in South America. |
A.The location of river movement. | B.The populations of birds. |
C.The speed of river movement. | D.The amount of the genomes. |
Everyone likes talking about weather. When people meet, they usually say something like “Isn't it a nice day?” or “Do you think it will rain?”
Different people often want different weather. When a farmer needs water, he hopes it will rain. When people want to take a trip, they hope it will be sunny soon.
How will be the weather? Many people think they can tell it. But they often have different ideas. Some may say, “It's cloudy in the east. It will rain tomorrow.” But others may say, “No, it will be sunny tomorrow.” So people like the weather report. It sometimes makes mistakes Still, it can tell many things about the weather.
【小题1】When people meet, they usually say something about .A.their clothes | B.food | C.their work | D.weather |
A.different people often want different weather | B.farmers always want rain |
C.sunny weather is good for a trip | D.people like to take a trip |
A.don't know the weather tomorrow | B.have different ideas about the weather |
C.don't like the weather report | D.do different things in different weather |
A.People don't need it now. | B.It's interesting to watch it. |
C.It's still useful. | D.It's not useful at all. |
Have you ever taken a look at a few lovely chickens and desired to touch and kiss them? Apparently, for some people the urge is hard to resist. However, according to an updated warning by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) doing so could spread dangerous—maybe even life-treatening-Salmonella. So, no matter how irresistible those little feathered birds may seem, avoid giving them a kiss.
This isn’t the first time the CDC has warned against physically touching or kissing your poultry. Back in 2018 Halloween, they advised against dressing the birds up for fear of spreading Salmonella. Then again, in May this year, with 474 cases reported, another warning was issued. According to interviews with 271 of those affected, 77 percent had been in contact with poultry before getting sick.
“Backyard poultry, like chickens and ducks, can carry Salmonella bacteria even if they look healthy and clean,” writes the CDC. These bacteria can easily spread to anything in the areas where the poultry live. You can get sick from touching your poultry or anything in their environment and then touching your mouth or food, and swallowing Salmonella bacteria.
Most people who come into contact with the Salmonella bacteria will experience diarrhea (腹泻), fever, and stomach cramp. Children are particularly affected—one in three sick people are below the age of five, which is intelligible given their weaker immune systems and natural love for the birds.
The CDC recommends that parents shouldn't let little children touch chicks, ducks, or other backyard poultry and make sure that if they do, they should wash their hands thoroughly afterward. Likewise, adults are instructed to do the same after touching backyard poultry and their eggs should be cleaned, stored, and cooked correctly to avoid the infection of Salmonella.
This might be easier said than done—for many people, backyard chickens are beloved—but if you really love them, stop physical displays of affection in case you end up with Salmonella bacteria on your face. It turns out to be a bit of harm.
【小题1】Why does CDC repeatedly warn people not to kiss chickens?A.To protect the poultry. | B.To show love to chickens. |
C.To get rid of Salmonella. | D.To stay safe from potential danger. |
A.By giving examples. | B.By showing statistics. |
C.By making comparison. | D.By interviewing victims. |
A.Understandable. | B.Irresistible. | C.Unavoidable. | D.Controversial. |
A.Stress the importance of affection. | B.Add more background information. |
C.Provide some suggestions for the readers. | D.Summarize the theme of the passage. |
Why is it that we always seem to pick the slowest line in a supermarket or store? Basically, the reason is simple: the chances are against us. To explain, imagine that you are in a store where there are three lines.
Interestingly, some people have come up with theories and formulas to calculate this kind of thing.
The theories first invented by Erlang are still used today in a variety of commercial settings, including call centers and traffic engineering.
A.This is the method that most banks use. |
B.People who do this type of research are generally known as queuing theorists. |
C.His formula was soon accepted by telephone companies, including the British Post. |
D.You only have a one-in-three chance of picking the quickest line, so most likely you’ll be wrong. |
E.The research he conducted even helps modern businesses provide satisfactory services to the public. |
F.Businesses know just the tricks for distracting their customers from the long lines they’re waiting in. |
G.Grocery stores try to have enough employees at checkout lines to get all customers through without delay. |
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