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Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.

In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.

How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.

Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”

【小题1】What does Ellen Langer’s study show?
A.It is worthwhile to be a perfectionistB.Translation makes people knowledgeable.
C.Simpler jobs require greater caution.D.Moderate effort produces the best result.
【小题2】The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______.
A.is good at handling pressureB.works hard to become successful
C.a has a natural talent for his job.D.gets on well with his co-workers
【小题3】What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A.A good thinker is able to inspire other people.
B.Experience unrelated to your job is useless.
C.A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.
D.Focusing on what you do raises productivity.
【小题4】What does the text seem to advocate?
A.Middle-of-the-road work habits.B.Balance between work and family.
C.Long-standing cultural traditions.D.Harmony in the work environment.
2022·浙江·高考真题
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When I was nine years old, I loved to go fishing with my dad. But the only thing that wasn’t very fun about it was that he could catch many fish while I couldn’t catch anything. I usually got pretty upset(心烦的) and kept asking him why. He always answered, “Son, if you want to catch a fish, you have to think like a fish”, I remember being even more upset then because, “I’m not a fish!” I didn’t know how to think like a fish. Besides, I reasoned, how could what I think influence what a fish does.

As I got a little older I began to understand what my dad really meant. So, I read some books on fish. And I even joined the local fishing club and started attending the monthly meetings. I learned that a fish is a cold-blooded(冷血的)animal and therefore is very sensitive(敏感的) to water temperature. That is why fish prefer shallow water to deep water because the former is warmer. Besides, water is usually warmer in direct sunlight than in the shade(阴凉处). Yet, fish don’ t have any eyelids(眼皮) and the sun hurts their eyes. The more I understood fish, the more I became effective at finding and catching them.

When I grew up and entered the business world, I remember hearing my first boss say, “We all need to think like sales people.” But it didn’t completely make sense. My dad never once said, “If you want to catch a fish you need to think like a fisherman.” What he said was, “You need to think like a fish.” Years later, with great efforts to promote long-term services to people much older and richer than me, I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers. It is not an easy job. I will show you how in the following chapters.

【小题1】Why was the author upset in fishing trips when he was nine?
A.He could not catch a fish.
B.His father was not patient with him.
C.His father did not teach him fishing.
D.He could not influence a fish as his father did.
【小题2】According to the author, fish are most likely to be found _________.
A.in deep water on sunny days
B.in deep water on cloudy days
C.in shallow water under sunlight
D.in shallow water under waterside trees.
【小题3】After entering the business world, the author found _________.
A.it easy to think like a customer
B.his father’s fishing advice inspiring
C.his first boss’s sales ideas reasonable
D.it difficult to sell services to poor people
【小题4】This passage most likely comes from _________.
A.a fishing guide
B.a popular sales book
C.a novel on childhood
D.a millionaire’s biography(自传)

Shi Wenlan said the only thing that interests her is dealing with smelly centuries-old books. “I don’t want to drink, I don’t want to eat or move. I like sitting alone under the warm lights, mending holes and cutting pages. I’m a boring person, but I’m doing an interesting thing, ” she said. In the past 26 years, the 51-year-old restorer of ancient books at the Hunan Library in Changsha, capital of Hunan province, has brought about 100,000 pages of ancient books back to life. Her work helps to ensure that ancient knowledge can be read and appreciated by people today. Shi has great faith in her little- known job. “Ancient books are precious documents and important achievements of Chinese civilization. To restore them is to rescue cultural relics that are dying out, ” she said.

Books age and decay(腐烂)over time. Though technology, such as accurately controlled temperatures and humidity levels, can be used to slow the process, a number of old books are on the edge of withering away forever, experts said. At the Hunan Library alone, a third of its 680,000 ancient books are in urgent need of restoration, which means each of its eight restorers needs to complete 3,000 pages a year, said Liu Xueping, director of the library’s special collection department. More young restorers must be trained to promote the production of ancient books, so human civilization can be preserved despite the damage of time, experts said.

In recent years, the government has attached great importance to the restoration of ancient books and has put forward many policies to encourage more people to take up the work. The number of restorers has now reached about 1,000. They have better educational backgrounds and receive more systematic training, as well as better salaries and higher social status, Shi said.

【小题1】Which of the following best describes a book restorer’s job?
A.Boring.B.Well-paid.C.Demanding.D.Dangerous.
【小题2】What does the underlined phrase “withering away” mean in paragraph 2?
A.Falling.B.Reducing.C.Weakening.D.Disappearing.
【小题3】What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A.It is important to restore books.
B.Restorers will receive better education.
C.Restorers are receiving more attention.
D.It will be easier to be a restorer in the future.
【小题4】Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A.Human Civilization Can Be Preserved
B.Ancient Books Have Been Brought Back to Life
C.Ancient Books Are in Urgent Need of Restoration
D.Restorers Preserve Ancient Books for Descendants

Chef Bruno Abate owns one of the best pizzerias in Chicago. His restaurant makes thin pizzas, heated in an oven with a wood-burning fire. They come with fillings like mushrooms, onions, olives, tomatoes and Italian meats. Each pizza sells for between $12 and $18 at Abate’s restaurant, Tocco. But do you know you can get a similar pizza for half the price at the Cook County Jail (监狱) in Chicago?

Abate leads a cooking school at the jail. He shows prisoners how to make pizza, pasta, and Italian ice cream, called gelato. The cooking school is called “Recipe for Change.” There, behind the jail’s barbed wires and security barriers, a number of students, including Shaquille Slater, are making pizzas. “I like everything I do,” he says.

Slater makes pizza dough (面团), and then adds fillings to the dough. He makes sure the pizza and its fillings look just right before they come out of the oven. He says working with food makes him forget about being in jail. “It brings up memories of days when you were free and when you were having a good time,” he says.

Workers at the cooking school make about 200 pizzas every week. The pizzas are sold to other prisoners in the jail for about $7 each.

Abate says he is teaching cooking skills to the prisoners, and how to use good, fresh in-gredients (佐料). When they finish the class, the Students have skills they can use to find jobs when they are released from prison.

Abate says his program teaches more than how to make food. He helps the students learn that they need to have a plan for their future so they do not return to prison once they leave the prison. “Through food, I try to teach, you know, how to change in life,” Abate says.

【小题1】What would Slater think of when making pizzas?
A.More chances to find a job in the future.
B.His free time before going to prison.
C.His bright life after being set free.
D.Pride in his wonderful pizzas.
【小题2】Where do the pizzas from Cook County Jail go?
A.They are on sale in the prison.
B.They are sold in big supermarkets.
C.They are donated to other prisoners.
D.They are eaten by the students themselves.
【小题3】What is the main goal of Abate’s making pizza program?
A.To help prisoners forget their past.
B.To deliver his skill of making food.
C.To advertise the food in his restaurant.
D.To prepare the prisoners for a new life.
【小题4】Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Where Can You Buy Cheap Pizza?
B.Prisoners Can Eat Pizza for Half Price
C.Prisoners Learn to Make Pizza in Chicago
D.How about Running Pizza Restaurant in Prison?

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