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Climate science has been rapidly advancing in recent years, but the foundations were laid hundreds of years ago.

In the 1820s, French scientist Joseph Fourier theorized that Earth must have some way of keeping heat and that the atmosphere may play some role. In 1850, American scientist Eunice Newton Foote put thermometers(温度计)in glass bottles and experimented with placing them in sunlight. Inside the bottles, Foote compared dry air, wet air, N2, O2 and CO, and found that the bottle containing humid air warmed up more and stayed hotter longer than the bottle containing dry air,and that it was followed by the bottle containing CO2. In 1859, Irish scientist John Tyndall began measuring how much heat different gases in the atmosphere absorb. And in 1896, Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius concluded that more CO2 in the atmosphere would cause the planet to heat up: These findings planted some of the earliest seeds of climate science.

The first critical breakthrough happened in 1967 when Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald connected energy absorbed by the atmosphere to the air movement vertically over Earth.They built a model which first included all the main physical processes related to climate changes. The predictions and the explanations based on their model still hold true in the real world almost half a century later.

The model was improved in the 1980s by Klaus Hasselmann who connected short-term weather patterns with long-term climate changes. Hasselmann found that even random weather data could yield insight into broader patterns.

“ The greatest uncertainty in the model remains what human beings will do. Figuring it out is 1,000 times harder than understanding the physics behind climate changes,” Manabe said.“ There are many things we can do to prevent climate change. The whole question is whether people will realize that something which will happen in20 or 30 years is something you have to respond to now.”

So, it’s up to us to solve the problem that these pioneers helped the world understand.

【小题1】What does the word “humid” underlined in paragraph 2 mean?
A.Cool.B.Cold.C.Dry.D.Wet.
【小题2】What is Klaus Hasselmann’s contribution to climate science?
A.He found that CO2 causes global warming.
B.He invented a unique measuring instrument.
C.He improved Manabe and Wetherald’s model.
D.He built a reliable model on climate change.
【小题3】What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A.The biggest problem with the climate model.
B.The necessity for human beings to take action now.
C.The challenge of understanding climate change.
D.Measures to be taken to prevent climate change.
【小题4】Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Negative Effects of the Global Warming
B.Historic Breakthroughs in Climate Science
C.Main Causes Leading to Climate Change
D.Difficulties of Preventing Climate Change
22-23高三上·河南·开学考试
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Here are some of the coolest robots in the world.


Pleo

Pleo is one of the most good-looking robots on the market. The robot is designed to learn from its experiences, and the environment it is kept in. Pleo has become especially popular among children, as it could be used for both entertainment and educational purposes. It exhibits lively behavior like eating and sleeping. It can now be bought at a price of $469.


BigDog

BigDog is the most advanced rough land robot on earth. Designed to serve military (军事的) uses, the machine is around 3 feet long, 2.5 feet tall, and weighs 240 pounds. The robot can move on rough land at a speed of four miles per hour, and is able to carry up to 340 pounds of weight.


I-Sobot

An Amazing human-like robot, I-Sobot is one of the smallest human-like robots, with a height of just 6.5 inches and a weight of 12 ounces. It costs $300. It has become the most-produced robot in the world. This small robot can walk, play the air guitar, and perform about 200 moves. This robot can be controlled by either a remote control or voice commands.


Schaft
       Schaft is an award-winning robot by Google. It looks like a man. Schaft can perform several tasks on its own, and is able to get through disaster areas and work with any tools and materials at hand. With the strength of 10 average people, Schaft is able to lift and clear heavy things. It weighs 209 pounds. It is able to move at a speed of 2km / h.
KeepOn

KeepOn is a small robot which can perform simple and natural interaction. Developed in 2015, KeepOn is an interactive toy designed to help children with autism(自闭症) in their social development, and costs anywhere from $40 to $100.

【小题1】What makes Pleo different from the other four robots mentioned in the text?
A.Being very cheap for customers.B.Having a very special appearance.
C.Having the ability to learn new things.D.Being able to be played with all the time.
【小题2】Which of the following robots is designed for the army?
A.PleoB.BigDogC.I-SobotD.KeepOn
【小题3】What do we learn about I-Sobot?
A.It can move fast.B.It is difficult to control.
C.It is expensive to produce.D.It has been very popular.
【小题4】What is Schaft most probably suitable for?
A.EntertainmentB.Interacting with children
C.Educational purposesD.Performing rescue tasks
【小题5】Who would most probably buy KeepOn?
A.Children who want to win an award.
B.Old and lonely people who need much help.
C.Parents with a child who cannot interact well.
D.Parents who want their children to learn new things.

The time that cars could go completely driverless is coming “very soon”, according to Jianxiong Xiao, CEO and founder of AutoX, a Shenzhen-based start-up developing autonomous driving technology.

Now, most regulations across various cities in China still require the presence of a safety driver in vehicles, but the company foresees that as more data gets captured over time, that requirement would be reduced, Xiao told CNBC's “Street Signs Asia" on Wednesday.

The autonomous driving tech firm chose to partner with Alibaba's AMAP — a Chinese mapping service provider --- to roll out its RoboTaxi ride hailing service in Shanghai on Monday. AMAP is a "super mobility app" with almost 500 million active monthly users, according to Xiao.

AutoX had received support from Shanghai authorities to roll out a fleet of 100 autonomous ride-hailing cars in Shanghai's Jiading district in September last year.

Earlier this month, AutoX announced that it had set up an 80,000 square feet RoboTaxi operations center in Shanghai to help facilitate (使容易)operations of its driverless fleet, as well as act as a center to collect data from daily operations.

Backed by investors such as Alibaba, Shanghai Motor and Dongfeng Motor, AutoX is one of the players in the trillion U.S. dollar Chinese autonomous driving vehicles market alongside others like DiDi Chuxing.

Xiao said they were working with the technology to ensure the vehicles were "very, very safe" and are carrying out a lot of testing.

Over a hundred vehicles have been arranged on roads daily to obtain enough data needed to validate the software and system, according to Xiao.

He added that the company was also running a hundred times more simulations (模拟)in the car every day, and the “huge amount of data" would help to prove that the vehicles could be used in "full safety".

“Our goal is not to just make (it) as safe as human beings, but going one step forward to really make...a superhuman safety standard; (cars) that (can) drive much safer than any human being ever,“ Xiao said.

【小题1】What will be most required to go driverless according to CEO of AutoX?
A.Traffic regulations.B.Driving technology.
C.Enough data.D.Mapping service.
【小题2】What is the attitude of Shanghai authorities towards driverless technology?
A.Doubtful.B.Optimistic.C.Disappointed.D.Uncertain.
【小题3】Which of the following can replace the underlined word "validate" in paragraph 8?
A.testB.inventC.develop.D.design
【小题4】What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Driving Technology
B.Science Achievement
C.No Driver in the Future
D.The Development of Driverless

The appearance of text-to-video artificial intelligence (Al) technology has the potential to completely change advertising, movie trailers and short video industries, as Sora, a new AI model developed by US-based AI research company OpenAI—creator of chatbot ChatCPT—has recently become a global topic, experts said.

They added that the multimodal (多模态) large language model, which can produce high-resolution video clips based on given texts, is an undoubted future development direction for generative AI and will bring strong motivation (动力) into a new round of industrial development.

Sora can generate videos up to a minute long while keeping visual (视觉的) quality, OpenAI said. It can make complex scenes with multiple characters, specific types of motion, and accurate (准确的) details of the subject and background. The model understands what the user has asked for and how those things exist in the physical world.

Liu Xingliang, director of the Beijing-based Data Center of China Internet, a research institute specializing in the internet industry, said Sora is undoubtedly a major breakthrough for AI. “It shows AI’s advanced ability to understand and create complex visual content and brings about huge opportunities and challenges for content creation, entertainment and film and television production industries. The video-generation model will help video content creators turn their ideas into reality at a faster speed and at a lower cost.” Liu said, adding that AI is expected to play a more important role in all aspects of human lives in the future. He said that with advancements in AI technology, traditional film and TV production processes and related business models will likely be reshaped.

Still, it does not necessarily mean the disappearance of traditional film and industries, and more effort is needed to explore new artistic forms and expression methods by integrating AI technology.

Meanwhile, experts say using text-to-video AI models raises concerns about ethics (道德准则), copyright protection, personal privacy leakage and data security. Ensuring the authenticity and transparency (透明性) of the content has become an important issue, and more effort is needed to make rules and regulations to ensure the healthy development of such technology.

【小题1】What can be known about text-to-video AI technology?
A.It is popular with movie trailers.B.It creates videos based on given pictures.
C.It will pose a threat to film-related industries.D.It can produce scenes lasting at least one minute.
【小题2】How will AI technology affect traditional TV and film production industries?
A.By bringing an end to them.B.By attracting more people to them.
C.By increasing the production costs.D.By motivating them to explore new forms.
【小题3】Which of the following can best describe Sora?
A.Imperfect.B.Profitable.C.Time-consuming.D.Cutting-edge.
【小题4】What would be the most suitable title for the text?
A.The Impact of Text-to-Video AI on Creative Industries
B.Sora: The Next Breakthrough in AI-Powered Video Generation
C.Exploring the Ethical Rules of Text-to-Video AI Technology
D.Offering Opportunities and Challenges in AI-Driven Content Creation

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