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Could a sudden sharp increase in the size and variety of ancient life have been linked to dramatic changes deep inside the Earth? About 550 million years ago, in the Cambrian (寒武纪)period of prehistory so many new animals appeared that the event is referred to as the “Cambrian explosion”. Scientists have long wondered what triggered the change, after billions of years in which life was mostly extremely small. Now it seems that the formation of Earth’s inner core—a solid iron ball at the centre of Earth—was crucial.

The inner core lies about 3,000 miles below Earth’s surface and is 1,500 miles across. It is surrounded by a liquid-metal outer core and is slowly growing as the liquid metal cools. Heat from the inner core powers swirling (旋转)movements in the liquid layer, which create a strong magnetic field (磁场)around Earth—a barrier that protects life by blocking harmful particles from outer space.

The magnetism-driving inner core seems to be a recent arrival, however. In 2019 a team led by Professor John Tarduno at the University of Rochester, New York, Us, analysed chemicals in ancient rocks from Quebec Canada, which trap a record of the magnetic field at the moment they formed. The team found that 565 million years ago, Earth’s magnetism had less than 10% of its strength today. This suggests that the swirling of liquid metal, which had always produced a protective magnetic force, was growing weak.

Now, further work has shown that the field’s strength started to recover just before the Cambrian explosion—almost certainly driven by the newly formed inner core providing a fresh power source. It seems highly likely that the two events are somehow linked.

“I don’t think that the return of Earth’s magnetic field and the subsequent explosion of life on Earth can be unconnected” says Tarduno. Working out the exact nature of the connection, however, will need a lot more scientific research.

【小题1】What does the underlined word “triggered” in Paragraph 1 mean?
A.Restricted.B.Avoided.C.Caused.D.Slowed.
【小题2】What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?
A.The inner core’s features.B.The inner core’s structure.
C.The inner core’s motion.D.The inner core’s development.
【小题3】What are the findings of Tarduno’s research team?
A.Earth’s magnetism was very weak 565 million years ago.
B.The inner core acts as a barrier against harmful particles.
C.Ancient rocks’ chemicals save a record of the magnetic field.
D.The field’s strength started to weaken before the Cambrian explosion.
【小题4】What future research will be probably carried out?
A.Causes of the explosion of ancient life.
B.Evidence for the exact character of the link.
C.Research methods adopted by Tarduno-led team.
D.Explanations for the return of Earth’s magnetic field.
2022·福建漳州·一模
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Sales of Apple’s new iPhone 11 in China began on Friday, but were met with a cooler welcome from customers than in previous years. Unlike in previous years, no long lines were seen outside Chinese shops on Friday for the new iPhone, and the product release (发布) only made the headlines in a few media.

Huawei released its Mate 30 smartphone series on Thursday night. Its new devices(设备) have won consumers’ hearts at home and abroad. Many compared it with Apple’s new iPhone 11, saying that beats the new iPhone because of innovation and quality. One customer named Zhao Kai, an IT specialist who pre-ordered a Mate 30 Pro on Friday, said that he chose Mate 30 without hesitation. Zhao said, “It’s clear that Huawei’s new phone with its advanced 5G mode would lead the future global telecommunications market, too.”

In contrast with iPhone 11’s poor sales, Chinese netizens (网民) have joined in discussions on Mate 30 and iPhone 11. An online poll on the Mate 30 and iPhone 11 on Weibo on Friday showed that more than 60 percent of netizens chose the Mate 30, while less than 20 percent chose the iPhone 11. Many chose Huawei as a result of its technology.

Overseas customers also joined in the heated discussions on Huawei’s new flagship devices on sites. On Twitter, many netizens said “nice”, “best phone ever” and “my favorite one” on Huawei’s Twitter account. Some netizens in countries like the UK, the Netherlands and Argentina asked when Huawei’s new devices would be released in their countries.

【小题1】How did customers react to Apple’s new product?
A.They thought it was cool to use it.
B.They stood in long lines to purchase it.
C.They thought its quality was worse than before.
D.They were less interested in it than former years.
【小题2】In what aspect is Mate 30 better than iPhone 11 according to Paragraph 2?
A.The price and the weight.B.The appearance and the speed.
C.The quality and innovation.D.The service life and function.
【小题3】What does the underlined word “poll” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.Store.B.Survey.C.Market.D.Exam.
【小题4】What could be the best title for the text?
A.New Technology - 5GB.Huawei Is Better than Apple
C.Apple’s New iPhone 11D.Huawei’s Mate 30 Defeats iPhone 11

Every kid has their own favorites. Dolls, dinosaurs, remote controls and cellphones — they might have a toy box with a wide range of play things to keep them entertained, but there's firm favorite they always reach for first-cars. Although the sex difference in the toy world remains, it's not only little boys who are drawn to all things with wheels. That my 20-month-old daughter dotes on the red bus toy is the proof of this.

From age 0 to 2, children are in the sensorimotor (感觉运动的) stage of development, explains Alyssa Wilkins. “They are learning by absorbing everything through their senses — sight, touch, taste, smell and hearing,” Wilkins says. “Toys and real-life objects like cars are very sensorily engaging. Kids can interact with toy cars, trucks, etc. through spinning (旋转) their wheels, watching them move in a variety of directions, or hearing the sounds they make.”

Plus, kids are just naturally drawn to loud and moving objects. “They see the lights on the cars and the rolling wheels, and hear the sound of the running engine. It's very engaging,” Wilkins says. “Kids will always be drawn to attractive and loud things because that is what engages their brain and sensory systems.”

Another appeal of toy vehicles is that they're typically small enough to fit in a child's hand Cars become the favorite of both boys and girls because they can put their cars in their pockets r carry them around. A car is also a cause-and-effect toy — it teaches children that their actions can make something happen. “It's super interesting and exciting for kids to learn that they can change something in their environment, and they may feel proud of what they have done,” Capanna-Hodge says.

Every child is unique in how they engage with toys, and the reasons for their play style may be diverse and complex. Ultimately, how your kids play with their toy vehicles could be a little window into what controls or excites them.

【小题1】What does the underlined phrase “dotes on” in Paragraph I mean?
A.Turns down.B.Goes in for.C.Runs into.D.Has control of.
【小题2】Which of the following aspects plays a big role in children's love for toy vehicles?
A.The influence form parents.B.The shape of toys vehicles.
C.The exciting sensory input.D.The peaceful learning environment.
【小题3】What can we learn from Paragraph 4?
A.The smaller the toy vehicles are, the more the kids like them.
B.Boys perform better than girls while playing with toy vehicles.
C.The more toy vehicles the kids have, the more benefits the kids get.
D.Kids can gain a sense of achievement from playing with toy vehicles.
【小题4】What might be the best title of the text?
A.Why toy vehicles are kids' favorites
B.How toy vehicles can boost kids' five sense
C.Why parents choose toy vehicles for their kids
D.How parents can encourage kids to play with toy vehicles
【小题5】How does the author develop the text.
A.B.
C.D.

As we age, our ability to think and remember stars to deteriorate. It is normal for old age to be associated with gradual decline in memory and brain mass. 【小题1】 Some of us have brains that age more slowly. Super-agers are people over the age of 80 who have the brain structures and abilities of much younger people. Eighty-seven-year-old Bill Gurolnick is such a super-ager.

Scientists know that parts of the brain decrease in size with age. But in super-agers that process is much slower. Emily Rogalski is a neuro-scientist at Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, in Chicago, Illinois. In a recent study, she showed that super-agers have young brains. The area of the brain responsible for attention and memory -- the cortex (脑皮层)— was shown to be thicker in super-agers.

"When we look at the cortex of their brain, we see that, on average, it looks more like a 50-year-old brain than it looks like an average 80-year-old brain."

【小题2】 These large brain cells appear to be involved with social-emotional communication. But their exact purpose is still a mystery. Scientists writing for Smithsonian magazine also call them spindle neurons (纺锤体神经元), and say they are "brain cells for socializing."

Several factors affect how our brains age. Scientists say super-agers have several things in common, including an active lifestyle. Many travel and play sports. They are often big readers. 【小题3】.

Super-agers also seem to have certain common personality traits. Rogalski says they are, for the most part, known for their optimism, resilience and perseverance. Growing old, she adds, does not have to be depressing and sad. "Perhaps, if we expected a bit better from ourselves, then we would understand that not all aging is doom and gloom."

【小题4】 That they are special and few. She says she wants to find out the reasons Gurolnick's mind is working so well and not aging as quickly as most.

Gurolnick's own father was diagnosed with Alzheimer's in his fifties Solving this mystery, Rogalski says, may help those who suffer from brain diseases such as Alzheimer's.

"We think if we can understand the factors contributing to super-aging, it may offer new hypotheses and new ways to explore the challenges in Alzheimer's disease."

A.Nowadays scientists are peeking into the brains of these "super-agers" to uncover their secret.
B.As lead investigator of the study, Rogalaski jokingly said that super-agers do not grow on trees.
C.And they usually have healthy relationships and spend time with friends.
D.Not only do super-agers have thicker cor-texes, they have more von Economo neurons.
E.However, there are reports of individuals who seem immune to age-related memory impairment.
F.It's pretty extraordinary for people in their 80s and 90s to keep the same sharp memory as someone several decades younger.

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