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Chinese scientists have created starch(淀粉) using carbon dioxide, hydrogen and electricity, according to a study 【小题1】 was published in the journal Science on Sept 24.

It's the first time in the world that synthesis(合成) of starch from CO2 【小题2】 (achieve). Scientists believe it will have a 【小题3】 (revolution) impact on future agricultural production and bio-manufacturing.

According to Ma Yanhe, 【小题4】 author of the study, the process of plants 【小题5】 (create) carbohydrates like starch through photosynthesis(光合作用)is complex and 【小题6】 (efficient). It takes a plant about 60 steps of metabolic(新陈代谢的) reactions to turn CO2, water and sunlight into starch. But now Chinese scientists have simplified the process from 60 steps into 11.

Creating carbohydrates more efficiently is so important for 【小题7】 (sustainable) on Earth, noted ChinaDaily. If such an approach can be scaled up(扩展) to the level of industrialization, it 【小题8】 (save) more than 90 percent of the farm land and freshwater resources, and avoid negative effects on the environment 【小题9】 pesticides and chemical fertilizers(肥料), and it will improve food 【小题10】 (secure) and promote sustainable societies, according to Cai Tao, another author of the study.

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The concept of the crossbow(弩) developed from animal traps.【小题1】is difficult to establish the date of the first development of the crossbow as a weapon. A scientist named E.M. Grosser discovered a bronze pistol(手枪)-like version 【小题2】 Robert Templel said could have been from the “eighth or ninth century BC or even 【小题3】(early).” There are references to the crossbow in China in the sixth century BC. By the fourth century BC military leaders were relying【小题4】(strong)on crossbow—armed forces. One Han prince spoke in 336 BC of having 【小题5】(thousand) of crossbows for his army.

The crossbow had the advantage of not only 【小题6】(send) an arrow with enough force to cut through body armor(盔甲)【小题7】its arrows, being short, could not be shot back by bowmen. Over the decades the crossbow was improved upon. The trigger(触发)mechanisms were cast out of bronze and became as complicated as those of a modern gun. Rectangular frames(矩形框架)were attached to the front and back of the crossbow as sights 【小题8】(make) it easier to aim.

The strength of the bow on a crossbow made it difficult to prepare for firing. This device 【小题9】(enable) the bowman to hook the bow—string over the bow and use his legs to push against the bow. Later larger crossbows 【小题10】(build) to shoot multiple arrows at a time.

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