Better grades might be found on the playground. A new study of elementary-age children shows that those who were not part of an after-school exercise program tended to pack on a particular type of body fat that can have deleterious impacts on brain health and thinking. But prevention and treatment could be as simple as playing more games of tag (捉迷藏,捉人游戏).
Most children do not meet the federal health guidelines for exercise, which call for at least an hour of it a day for anyone under the age of 18. Physical inactivity can result in weight gain especially around the midsection-including visceral (内脏的) fat, a type of tissue deep inside the abdomen (腹部) that is known to increase inflammation (炎症) throughout the body. It is also linked to heightened risks for diabetes and cardiovascular complications (并发症) even in children, and may contribute to declining brain function. Obese adults often perform worse than people of normal weight on tests of thinking skills.
But little has been known about visceral fat and brain health in children. For a soon-to-be-published study, researchers from Northeastern University in Boston and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaion tracked hundreds of 8-to-10-year-old children in a nine-month after-school exercise program in Urbana. Every day, one group of children played tag and other active games for about 70 minutes. The subjects in a control group continued with their normal lives, with the promise that they could join the program the following year. All the children completed tests of fitness, body composition and cognitive skills at the start and end of the program. The researchers did not ask the children to change their diets.
After the trial the exercising children who were obese at the study’s onset had less visceral fat relative to their starting weight, even if they remained overweight. They also showed significant improvements in their scores on a computerized test that measures how well children pay attention, process information and avoid being impulsive. Notably a similar effect was observed in children whose weight was normal at the start. Across the board the more visceral fat a child shed during the nine months of play, the better he or she performed on the test.
The children in the control group, in contrast had generally added to their visceral fat; this was particularly true among those who were already obese. They gained on average, four times as much visceral fat as the normal-weight children in the control group, and also did not perform as well on the subsequent test. Lauren Raine, a postdoctoral researcher at Northeastern University who conducted the study with Charles Hillman and others, says that the trial was designed to study aerobic fitness and children’s ability to think not the relation of abdominal flab to inflammation. But a reduction in overall inflammation very likely plays a role because it is thought to be unhealthy for the brain. More broadly, Raine says the study suggests that getting children to run around won’t just enhance their bodies-it might also improve their report cards.
【小题1】What does the word “deleterious” in Paragraph One probably mean?A.inevitable | B.vigilant | C.harmful | D.beneficial |
A.games may help reduce visceral fat in children and thus improve their brain power |
B.obesity contributes to declining brain function in children |
C.children have fewer weight-related health and medical problems than adults |
D.obese children have trouble staying focused and paying attention |
A.to find the relationships between physical activity and health in children |
B.to discover the relationships between obesity and health problems in children |
C.to understand and assess the risks of obesity in young children in school |
D.to understand how games affect children in terms of academic performances |
A.Visceral Fat And Sugar-Heavy Diet Harms Your Brain |
B.Losing Fat, Gaining Brain Power, on the Playground |
C.This Is What Weight Loss Does To Your Brain |
D.Why children Shouldn’t Sit Still Under the Age of Eighteen |
Two recently released books offer significant criticisms of the current landscape of higher education. As to what we should do about those problems, the two books propose completely opposed solutions.
Bryan Caplan, a professor of economics at George Mason University, gives away his big idea in his title, “The Case Against Education: Why the Education System Is a Waste of Time and Money.” Caplan argues that the primary value of a college degree is in what it “signals” rather than what people may have learned or experienced.
In Caplan’s view, most education is wasted on the young, who are incapable of appreciating or benefiting freedom education. Caplan’s solution is to “stop using tax dollars to fund education of any kind.” He sees a greater role for vocational or trade education, starting early as children fail to show interest or aptitude (资质) in school subjects, which should primarily focus on the “practical”-not art, music or anything else. Caplan even puts in a good word for child labor as an alternative to the schooling they neither enjoy nor appreciate.
Cathy Davidson, director of the Futures Initiative at the City University of New York, offers a different attitude in “The New Education: How to Revolutionize the University to Prepare Students for a World in Flux (变化).”
Davidson also believes higher education needs to change, but rather than starving it, she advocates for a broad-based “revolution” that attacks the barriers between students and learning, including educational costs, approaches to curriculum, and how we measure and credential (提供证明) students. Davidson has a chapter on “college for everyone”, examining the potential to innovate community colleges to serve as ladders to social mobility.
Education does need to continue to evolve. But it’s Davidson who has a vision for what education could and should be that’s consistent with the traditional values of freedom, opportunity and progress we associate with education. As to which of these two visions we’d like to follow, we have a choice. I hope we choose wisely.
【小题1】Why does Bryan Caplan criticize the present higher education?A.It fails to teach students overall knowledge. |
B.It spends too much time on ungifted students. |
C.It costs students much money for education in college. |
D.It wastes students’ time in learning unpractical knowledge. |
A.Higher education should be accessible to all students. |
B.Government shouldn’t fund college students with tax dollars. |
C.The barriers between students and learning won’t be broken down. |
D.Community colleges have helped more students achieve social mobility. |
A.the problems with higher education |
B.the necessity of higher education reform |
C.the situation of the present higher education |
D.the popularity of the two newly released books |
Do you sweat, bite your pencil, and feel butterflies in your stomach as your teacher hands out a test?
Here are some tips for taking tests:
Be sure you’ve studied properly. It sounds like a no-brainer (不用动脑的事), but if you’re sure of the information, you’ll have less reason to be worried.
Read the test through first. Once you have the test paper in front of you, read over the entire test, checking out how long it is.
Relax. If you can’t think of anything, you will become so nervous.
These tips should help most people,
A.Get enough sleep the night before the test. |
B.It’s also a chance to decide how many parts you are expected to complete. |
C.Yes, I often get anxious because I’m not a top student. |
D.In this case you might need a small break. |
E.A lot of people get upset before it. |
F.and you will certainly benefit from them. |
G.but some can get serious test taking error (错误). |
Art and science may seem like opposite things. One means the creative flow of ideas, and the other means cold, hard data — some people believe. In fact, the two have much in common. Now, a study finds art can help students remember better what they learned in science class.
Mariale Hardiman, an education specialist, noticed that students who used art in the class listened more carefully. They might ask more questions. They might volunteer more ideas. What’s more, students seemed to remember more of what they had been taught when their science lessons had involved art. To prove that, Hardiman teamed up with some researchers and six local schools.
In the experiment, the researchers worked with teachers in 16 fifth-grade classrooms. They provided traditional science lessons and art-focused ones. In a traditional science class, for example, students might read the information from a book aloud. In the art-focused one, they might sing the information instead.
The team randomly assigned(分配) each of the 350 students to either a traditional science class or an art-focused one. Students then learned science using that way for the whole unit — about three weeks. When they changed to a new topic, they also changed to the other type of class. This way, each student had both an art-focused class and a traditional one. Every unit was taught in both ways, to different groups of students. This enabled the researchers to see how students did in both types of classes.
The team found that students who started off in traditional classes performed better after they moved into an art-focused class. But those who started in an art-focused class did well even when they went back to a traditional science class. These students appeared to use some of the art techniques after going back to a traditional class. Classroom teachers reported that many students continued to sketch(画速写) or sing to help remember the information. “It suggests that the arts may help students apply creative ways of learning on their own,” Hardiman said.
【小题1】How does the first paragraph develop?A.By giving examples. | B.By analyzing cause and effect. |
C.By following space order. | D.By making comparisons. |
A.Students take an active part when their class involves art. |
B.Students are more creative in art class than in science class. |
C.Students’ learning ability depends greatly on class involvement. |
D.Students remember things for a longer time if using art in class. |
A.Learn three units in total. |
B.Take two types of classes. |
C.Learn two topics for three weeks. |
D.Choose between a traditional class and an art-focused one. |
A.It is not easy to use art in science class. |
B.Science plays an important role in creative thinking. |
C.Art contributes to science learning. |
D.Art-focused classes encourage teamwork. |
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