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Today, bicycles are elegantly simple machines that are common around the world. Many people ride bicycles for recreation, whereas others use them as a means of transportation. The first bicycle was invented in Germany in 1818. Because it was made of wood, it wasn’t very strong nor did it have pedals (脚踏板).Riders moved it by pushing their feet against the ground.
In 1839, Kirkpatrick Macmillan, a Scottish blacksmith, invented a much better bicycle. Macmillan’s machine had iron-covered wheels to keep them from getting worn down. He also used foot-operated levers, similar to pedals, so his bicycle could be ridden at a quick pace. It didn’t look much like the modem bicycle, though, because its back wheel was substantially larger than its front wheel. Although Macmillan’s bicycles could be ridden easily, they were never produced in large numbers.
In 1861, Frenchman Pierre Michaux and his brother Ernest invented a bicycle with an improved pedal mechanism. They called their bicycle a velocipede,but most people called it a “bone shaker” because of the effect of the wood and iron frame. Despite the impolite nickname, the velocipede was a hit. After a few years, the Michaux family was making hundreds of the machines annually, mostly for fun-seeking young people.
Ten years later, James Starley , an English inventor, made several innovations that revolutionized bicycle design. He made the front wheel many times larger than the back wheel, put a gear on the pedals to make the bicycle more efficient,and lightened the wheels by using wire spokes. Although this bicycle was much lighter and less tiring to ride, it was still clumsy, extremely top-heavy,and ridden mostly for entertainment.
It wasn’t until 1874 that the first truly modern bicycle appeared on the scene. Invented by another Englishman, H. J. Lawson, the safety bicycle would look familiar to today’s cyclists. The safety bicycle had equal-sized wheels, which made it easier to ride. Lawson also attached a chain to the pedals to drive the back wheel. By 1893,the safety bicycle had been further improved with air-filled rubber tires, a diamond-shaped frame, and easy braking. With the improvements provided by Lawson;bicycles became extremely popular and useful for transportation. Today, they are built, used, and enjoyed all over the world.
【小题1】This passage was most likely written in order to _____.
A.compare bicycles used for different purposes
B.describe the problems early bicycle makers experienced
C.persuade readers to use bicycles for transportation
D.tell readers about the early history of the bicycle
【小题2】Macmillan covered the wheels of his bicycle with iron to _____
A.add weight to the bicycle
B.make the bicycle easier to ride
C.allow the wheels to last longer
D.let the bicycle be more comfortable
【小题3】Which of the following bicycle types was invented by James Starley?
A.B.
C.D.
【小题4】Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A.Two hundred years ago,bicycles did not exist.
B.The first bicycle could be ridden at a very quick pace.
C.The Michaux brothers called their bicycle a “bone shaker”.
D.Macmillan’s machine had wheels with rubber tires.
【小题5】The information about bicycles in this passage is arranged according to _____.
A.importanceB.timeC.placeD.Interest
12-13高三·江苏南京·阶段练习
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I’ve spent over a year in India, and in those 365 plus days, I’ve learned a lot about getting around Indian cities.My biggest lessons have been learned through being cheated, particularly by taxi and rickshaw (人力车) drivers, but that doesn’t mean those are bad ways to travel, as long as you know what you’re doing.Below are the best ways to get around the city of Delhi, India, and tips for how to keep from being the victim of scams (欺骗).

Taking taxis is a great way to get around the city of Delhi and chances are, if you arrive in Delhi by plane, as soon as you make it through customs, you’ll be swarmed by Indian taxi drivers.At the Delhi airport, be sure to arrange for a taxi to your hotel at one of the two Delhi Traffic Police Taxi Booths.One is inside the airport, and one is outside.The key is to make sure to go to a booth run by the police, rather than by independent taxi drivers.

Rickshaws are one of my favorite ways to get around Indian cities, in part because it’s how the locals often travel.Auto­rickshaws are more common, but bicycle rickshaws are still used in Old Delhi.If you do have a chance to take a bicycle rickshaw, you should do it at least once for a unique experience that should only set you back about 15 rupees.Auto­rickshaw rates around Delhi range between 30 and 80 rupees, depending on distance.

If you really want to travel around Delhi like the locals, take a public bus.Indian buses become very crowded and most do not have air conditioning.They are, however, very cheap.A bus trip won’t set you back any more than 15 rupees, as long as you stay within the city limits.Since Indian buses get so crowded, try to board the bus at the start of the route so you can get a seat.

The train is a great way to get around within the city of Delhi.Fares are reasonable, between six and 22 rupees.All departure announcements are in both Hindi and English, and tokens can be purchased for between 6 and 22 rupees.

【小题1】To avoid being cheated, you ought to          if you want to take a taxi at the Delhi airport.
A.pay more to the drivers to keep safeB.show your ticket to the driver
C.go to a police­run boothD.go out of the airport
【小题2】The author suggests taking a rickshaw in order to         .
A.save some moneyB.enjoy the comfortable trip
C.gain a unique experienceD.help the local rickshaw drivers
【小题3】What can we infer from the passage?
A.You won’t have to pay much if you travel around by bus in India.
B.It will be difficult for you to get a seat if you get on the bus halfway.
C.A rickshaw driver only charges whatever amount you give him.
D.You’ll have to speak English if you travel around in India.
【小题4】Which may be the topic that follows?
A.Hotel recommendations in Delhi.B.Weather conditions in Delhi.
C.Food and drink in Delhi.D.Car rentals in Delhi.

On my fourth day in a self-driving car, I finally felt comfortable enough to let it stop itself Before then, I’d allowed the car-a Volvo S90 sedan(轿车)to control the direction,with my hands still on the wheel, and to adjust speed in traffic. By Day 4, I was ready to make a jump into the future.

With the car traveling on a busy road, I activated the driverless mode. Soon, a traffic light turned red. For a split second, I prepared to get on the brakes. There was no need. The cameras and computers in the Volvo recognized the traffic conditions and smoothly began applying the brake.

If you’re anything like most people, you’re familiar with this anxiety. Almost 80 percent of Americans fear traveling in a self-driving car, a recent survey found.

Researchers at the University of Chicago have conducted some clever experiments studying the phenomenon. They asked participants to complete tasks and compared their performance with a computer system’s. After the computer made a mistake, people were unwilling to use it again. After the people made mistakes, their self-confidence wouldn’t change. It didn’t matter that the human beings made more mistakes than the computer. So it is with driving. More than 37,000 Americans died in crashes last year, most from human error. The death count from cars goes beyond that from guns. So if you are shocked and angry by guns and want things to change, you should feel the same about car crashes.

Technology creates an opportunity to save lives. Computers don’t get drunk or distracted(走神、分心)by text messages,and they don’t have blind spots. Just look at commercial airlines Automation has helped all but get rid of deadly crashes among American air carriers. The last one happened in 2009.

The technology for self-driving cars still isn’t good enough. But it is improving rapidly! Within a few years, many cars will have advanced crash-avoidance systems and driving will be revolutionized sooner than many people now understand.

【小题1】What does the author describe his experience in paragraph 1 for?
A.Introducing the topic.B.Introducing a latest car.
C.Offering a piece of news.D.Sharing background information.
【小题2】What can we know from the fourth paragraph?
A.The participants would ignore the mistakes made by the computer.
B.The participants lost self-confidence after making mistakes.
C.The death count from cars is the same as that from guns.
D.Car crashes is no less shocking than gun incidents.
【小题3】Why does the author mention commercial airlines?
A.To create an opportunity to save lives.
B.To prove the advantage of technology.
C.To find fault with computers.
D.To show computers don’t get drunk.
【小题4】What’s the author’s attitude towards self-driving cars?
A.DoubtfulB.Uncaring
C.Supportive.D.Concerned

If you look around the streets of London, you'll see the many methods people use to move around. 【小题1】Now there's a new addition: electric, or e-scooters (滑板车).

This traditional children's vehicle has become more complicated over the years. And now, with the addition of a small electric motor, it's become a cheap and easy mode of transport. Scooting around town can be fun and doesn't involve much effort. 【小题2】 But considering accidents involving an electric scooter in the UK, questions are being asked about their safety and whether traffic laws should be changed.

Many e-scooter riders in the UK broke the law. Some have been seen on pavements, others on the road jumping red traffic lights, adding to the frustration of motorists stuck in jams. In the UK, the law states that riding one on the public highway or pavement is forbidden. But, despite this, it seems the increasing popularity of e-scooters means they can be seen everywhere. 【小题3】

The UK government is looking at how safely they can be used on the road and is 'reviewing' the law. But its transport minister, Michael Ellis, has told the BBC that: "Micromobility products are appearing in countries across the globe and are an exciting innovation for which we know there is demand. 【小题4】"

【小题5】 Despite the fact that some of them can exceed 30mph, they sometimes only have one brake and no lights. However confident the rider may be, larger vehicles on the road make them unprotected.So it seems more work needs to be done to give e-scooters a safe and legal space to travel in.

A.The roads are already crowded.
B.We are mainly after economic benefits.
C.People seldom see e-scooter accidents in the UK.
D.However,safety must always be our top priority.
E.And now users are calling on regulations to be changed.
F.There's no doubt there are dangers in riding a two-wheeled scooter.
G.It's no wonder they're becoming increasingly popular in cities around the world.

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