The fossil (化石)discovery in Victoria now shows that monk seals were widespread in Australasia in the past.
“Monk seals are one of the rarest and most endangered marine mammals (海洋哺乳动物)alive today, but this wasn’t always the case,” according to lead study author Dr. James Rule from Monash University. “Our paper shows that the very endangered monk seals once called Australia home about five million years ago(specifically in Victoria),” he said.
The discovery was made by studying two fossils again from Melbourne Museum’s collections, the identity of which had been a mystery for 40 years. “When we studied them, they turned out to be the oldest evidence of monk seals,” Dr. Rule said. “These fossils, along with the extinct New Zealand species that was discovered last year, double the known diversity of the monk seals,” he said.
According to Dr. Rule, monk seals disappeared in Australasia three million years ago, and they only lived in the tropics (热带地区)and the Mediterranean after temperatures fell during the Ice Ages. This left monk seals on the edge of disappearance after being overhunted by humans, with about 2,000 members left.
The discovery of New Zealand species and Australian monk seals led the researchers to restudy the origin of the group. “Our research shows that monk seals began in Australia,” Dr. Rule said. “This is different from every theory previously put forward by scientists.”
Previous research has theorized climate change led to the disappearance of many ancient seals in the Southern Hemisphere. This would have included New Zealand’s and Australian monk seals. “This suggests the world’s last two species of monk seal are also at risk from climate change,” Dr. Rule said. If sea level continues to rise, the beaches monk seals rely on for resting and raising young ones may disappear.
【小题1】What does the new discovery show about monk seals?A.Their living habits. | B.Their growth process. |
C.Their early appearance. | D.Their ways of getting food. |
A.Researcher found it hard to keep them in good condition. |
B.Researchers manged to identify them after many years. |
C.They were once thought to be fossils of birds. |
D.They were first discovered last year. |
A.Fighting water pollution. | B.Suffering from a lack of food. |
C.Having limited living places. | D.Facing increasing natural enemies. |
A.Climate change always threatens monk seals’ survival. |
B.Scientists can now measure the rate of global warming. |
C.Human activity in Australia should be strictly limited. |
D.People need to help raise young monk seals. |
Richard Turere walks through his family's farm just outside Nairobi National Park in Kenya. Goats, cows, and sheep eat grass peacefully on the farm while in the park nearby, lions wander leisurely, living in peaceful coexistence with the livestock. An extraordinary picture! How do livestock manage to live safely near these huge lions? It's all due to this young man's brilliant invention, Lion Lights.
Livestock is his family's entire livelihood—which is why whenever lions attacked their goats, sheep, or cattle, it was disastrous. There seemed to be no good solution to the problem until Richard began working on it. After a lion killed his family's only bull, Richard started experimenting with ways to scare off the lions. His first two attempts—fire and then a scarecrow—were unsuccessful. But one night in 2011, when he was walking around with a flashlight, he noticed that lions stayed away. That's when he realized: these big cats were afraid of moving lights!
Then Richard—who'd taken apart and studied machines since he was very small—began experimenting. Despite his lack of any formal training in electrical engineering, he fitted a system of flashing LED lights on poles around the farm. The flashing lights, which he made from vehicle indicator flashers, car batteries, and a solar panel, tricked the lions into thinking the grounds were guarded, keeping the lions away.
The word got out about the brilliant "lion-lights boy". Soon Richard was fixing the Lion Lights system for neighbors. Later, his invention won him a scholarship to Kenya's well-known Brookhouse International School. And when Richard was 13, he was invited to California to speak about his invention at a TED conference. These days, Richard still lives on his family's farm, and fixes the Lion Lights system for people all over Kenya, which functions efficiently. He dreams of becoming an airplane engineer and pilot, but he also works to arouse people's awareness about the need to support young Kenyan inventors like himself.
【小题1】What does "an extraordinary picture" refer to?A.Eye-catching scenery. | B.Well-protected ecosystem. |
C.Lions losing their nature. | D.Animals existing in harmony. |
A.Lions attacked livestock. | B.The locals' lives were threatened. |
C.Machines didn't function well. | D.Flashlights weren't in good condition. |
A.Richard's idea came from his failure. | B.Flashing lights could scare lions away. |
C.Richard's academic knowledge mattered. | D.Flashing lights were difficult to maintain. |
A.Richard's dream has come true. | B.Richard's invention makes a difference. |
C.Richard's devotion to helping his neighbors. | D.Richard's awareness of bettering his community. |
Ways to Help the Troubled Monarch Butterflies
The monarch butterfly (帝王蝶) is considered an endangered species. Scientists say the dropping number of monarchs is due to climate change, loss of living places and the use of pesticides — chemicals that kill insects — and herbicides — chemicals that kill plants.
One of the quickest and best ways to help is to plant milkweed on your land. Milkweed is a kind of plant that has white juice. Monarch butterflies eat milkweed and lay their eggs there.
Other plants, especially those with flowers that have honey, can be helpful to adult monarchs. These plants can be good-quality food for the butterflies.
Another way to help monarchs is to create a butterfly water feeding area. Add water to sand in a sunny area.
A.They need milkweed to survive. |
B.Find an appropriate place for milkweed. |
C.Set a flat rock in the middle of the area. |
D.You can grow your own ones from seeds. |
E.Be sure to choose plants that are native to your area. |
F.Next,think about the chemicals you use in your own garden. |
G.But there are things that people can do to help the beloved black-and-orange insects. |
The moment the ground stops shaking after an earthquake, some people may wonder whether their pets — or wild animals for that matter — knew the disaster was coming.
To get to the bottom of this question, Heiko Woith, a scientist at the German Research Centre for Geosciences, and his colleagues evaluated more than 700 published reports of unusual behavior among 130 species, including insects, birds, fish, cats, dogs and cattle from 160 earthquakes. The records included all kinds of behaviors, including a tiger that reportedly got depressed before an earthquake.
The researchers found that 90 percent of all reported cases happened within 62 miles of the epicenter (震中) and within 60 days of an earthquake. Then, they examined when and where foreshocks had happened in the region and concluded that it was hard to say these animals could predict the earthquake itself. They were just responding to foreshocks.
“The space-time pattern of animal precursors (预兆) and foreshocks is strikingly similar,” Woith said. “From this, we concluded that the abnormal animal behavior might simply be related to foreshocks. These animals are just responding to foreshocks rather than predicting the earthquake. They don’t have super power.”
Despite the vast number of incidences, good information was little and scientific evidence is lacking. “A major surprise for us was that the large majority of the published claims were built on poor observational data, which did not stand as statistical scientific proof,” Woith said.
To better study whether animals can predict earthquakes, Woith and his colleagues suggested that researchers ask a number of yes-or-no questions in any upcoming experiments, including “Is the experimental setup and monitoring procedure clearly described and reproducible?” and “Is it proven that the animal behavior is really unusual?”
Meanwhile, humans are working on technologies that can detect earthquakes seconds before they hit. Hopefully, we will have such devices to warn people that the earthquake is coming.
【小题1】How did Woith conduct the study?A.By analyzing former reports. |
B.By observing animals’ behavior. |
C.By collecting data in the earthquake. |
D.By comparing animals’ different responses. |
A.Tigers become depressed easily. | B.Certain animals have super power. |
C.Some animals can react to foreshocks. | D.Animals in the same area act similarly. |
A.All reported cases took place in the same area. |
B.There were too many reports about foreshocks. |
C.Some animals act strangely before earthquakes. |
D.The previous reports lack accurate data support. |
A.How animals behave in earthquakes. |
B.Whether animals can predict earthquakes. |
C.What is the link between animals and earthquakes. |
D.Why people study animals’ behavior in earthquakes. |
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