For centuries, time was measured by the position of the sun with the use of sundials. Noon was recognized when the sun was the highest in the sky, and cities would set their clock by this apparent _______ time, even though some cities would often be on a slightly different time. Daylight Saving Time (DST), sometimes called summer time, was _______ to make better use of daylight. Thus, clocks are set forward one hour in the spring to move an hour of daylight from the morning to the evening and then set back one hour in the fall to return to _______ daylight.

Benjamin Franklin first conceived the idea of daylight saving during his term as an American delegate in Paris in 1784 and wrote about it _______ in his essay, “An Economical Project.” It is said that Franklin awoke early one morning and was surprised to see the sunlight at such an hour. Always the _______, Franklin believed the practice of moving the time could save on the use of candlelight, as candles were expensive at the time.

In England, builder William Willett (1857–1915) became a strong supporter for Daylight Saving Time upon noticing blinds(百叶窗) of many houses were _______ on an early sunny morning. Willet believed everyone, including himself, would appreciate longer hours of light in the evenings. In 1909, Sir Robert Pearce _______ a bill in the House of Commons to make it obligatory(义务) to _______ the clocks. A bill was drafted and introduced into Parliament several times but met with great opposition, mostly from farmers. _______, in 1925, it was decided that summer time should begin on the day following the third Saturday in April and close after the first Saturday in October.

The U.S. Congress passed the Standard Time Act of 1918 to establish standard time and _______ and set Daylight Saving Time across the continent. This act also devised(制定) five time _______ throughout the United States: Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific, and Alaska. The first time zone was set on “the mean astronomical time of the seventy-fifth degree of longitude west from Greenwich” (England). In 1919, this act was abandoned.

President Roosevelt established year-round Daylight Saving Time (also called War Time) from 1942–1945. However, after this period, each state _______ its own DST, which proved to be _______ to television and radio broadcasting and transportation. In 1966, President Lyndon Johnson created the Department of Transportation and signed the Uniform Time Act. As a result, the Department of Transportation was given the responsibility for the time laws. During the oil embargo(禁运) and energy crisis of the 1970s, President Richard Nixon _______ DST through the Daylight Saving Time Energy Act of 1973 to conserve energy further. This law was _______ in 1986, and Daylight Saving Time was reset to begin on the first Sunday in April (to spring ahead) and end on the last Sunday in October (to fall back).

In an age when your refrigerator can help you manage your shopping list and your phone can answer almost any question, you don’t really need to remember anything anymore. Which makes the feats（丰功伟绩）of memory champions-who can recall hundreds of names and faces, random strings of numbers or words, or the order of multiple decks of cards-seem more_______than ever.

But here’s a little_______about folks with phenomenal recall: In a study recently published in the journal Neuron, researchers found that super_______don’t have unusually large cerebral（大脑的）regions that allow them to absorb and save huge amounts of information. Their brain structures are_______the same as the rest of ours. Comparing brain scans of 23 memory champions with those of 23 regular folks of the same age, gender, and IQ, the scientists found only one_______: In the memory champs’ brains, the regions associated with_______and spatial learning and the regions associated with memory lit up in a specific pattern. In the regular people’s brains, these regions were activated differently.

Why is that_______? Because we learn by seeing, and the more we see, the better we remember things. These memory champions have perfected a method to turn items they want to remember (numbers, faces, cards, even abstract shapes) into_______they “see” in their minds. It’s a process called building a memory palace.

Here’s how it works: First, you transform your target items into an image -- anything you’ll remember._______, to remember card sequences, Ed Cooke (recognized as a Grandmaster of Memory by the World Memory Sports Council) told author Tim Ferriss that he assigns each card a celebrity, an action, and an object; each three-card combination then forms a unique image with the celebrity from the first card, the action from the second, and the object from the third. So “Jack of spades, six of spades, ace of diamonds” becomes the Taylor Swift wearing Lady Gaga’s meat dress and holding Michael Jordan’s basketball. (Yes, that sounds weird, but Cooke’s system is built on the idea that your memory hangs on to________hints better than common ones.)

Then, mentally place that picture somewhere________to you: in your house or at some point along your commute（上下班）, for example. Finally, make up a story about the items, which will help you connect them in the correct________.

Sound like a lot of work? Indeed, it is. It’s no________that many of the competitors on the World Memory Championship call themselves mental athletes. Just like athletes, they________to perfect their skills. That said, the Neuron study also reports that researchers taught a group of university students the memory-palace technique through daily half-hour lessons. After just six weeks, the students’________scans looked more like those of the memory champions.

A scientist _______ several monkeys in order to study animal psychology. He took a glass bottle, _______ its cork (瓶塞) and put two peanuts inside it. The peanuts dropped to the bottom and were easily seen from the outside. He then passed the bottle to a monkey, who shook it _______ for a long while and was able to get the peanuts when they _______ fell out. The scientist then put some peanuts into the bottle again _______ he had done before and showed the monkey that it only needed to turn the bottle upside down for the peanuts to drop out. _______ the monkey always ignored his _______. Each time it just shook the bottle frantically, with great _______ but without necessarily achieving _______ result.

Now the question is why the monkey was unable to understand ________ the scientist instructs. ________ because all its attentions was focused on the peanuts. Instead, it must take its eyes off the peanuts and quickly ________ its attention to the ________ movement of the scientist and the way the bottle was turned upside down. To achieve this, it had to calm down and not be ________ by the impulse (诱惑) of its appetite. Yet the monkey was not able to understand this. It is the instance like this that reveals the monkey’s some psychology is just like ________ of human beings.