A satellite is about to demonstrate a new way of capturing space junk with magnets for the first time. With the frequency of space launches dramatically increasing in recent years, the potential for a disastrous collision above Earth is continually growing. Now, Japanese orbital clean-up company Astroscale is testing a potential solution.
The firm’s End-of-Life Services by Astroscale demonstration mission is scheduled to lift off on 20 March aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket. It consists of two spacecraft: a smaller “client” satellite and a larger “servicer” satellite, or “chaser”. The smaller satellite is equipped with a magnetic (磁力的) plate which allows the chaser to dock with it.
The two stacked spacecraft will perform three tests once in orbit, each of which will involve the servicer satellite releasing and then recapturing the client satellite. The first test will be the simplest, with the client satellite drifting a short distance away and then being recaptured. In the second test, the servicer satellite will set the client satellite tumbling before catching up with it and matching its motion to grab it.
Finally, if those two tests go well, the chaser will live up to its name by letting the client satellite float a few hundred metres away before finding it and attaching to it. All of these tests will be performed autonomously, with little to no human input once they are set in motion.
“These kinds of demonstrations have never been done before in space - they are very different to, say, an astronaut controlling a robotic arm on the International Space Station,” says Jason Forshaw at Astroscale UK. “This is more of an autonomous mission.” At the end of the tests, both spacecraft will burn up in Earth’s atmosphere.
If companies wanted to use this capability, they would have to attach a magnetic plate to their satellites so they could be captured later. Because of the growing space garbage problem, many countries now require firms to have a way to bring back their satellites once they run out of fuel or fail, so this could be a fairly simple likely plan, Forshaw says. Right now, each chaser can only nab one satellite, but Astroscale is working on a version that could drag three or four out of orbit at once.
【小题1】Which of the following can replace the underlined word “dock with” in Paragraph 2?A.deal with | B.keep up with | C.join together | D.crash |
A.Because of the growing space waste problem. |
B.Because the frequency of space launches are dramatically increasing. |
C.Because they can earn large profits from it. |
D.Because Astroscale has found a new method of capturing the space garbage. |
A.An astronaut controls a robotic arm on the International Space to capture the “client” satellite |
B.Through a magnetic plate remotely controlled by humans on the ground to catch the “client” satellite |
C.Finding the “client” satellite and attaching to it with a magnetic plate automatically |
D.Tumbling to match the motion of “client” satellite the drag three or four satellites out of its orbit into atmosphere. |
A.people will burn the space junk up in Earth’s atmosphere in the future |
B.Japan and Russia will conduct space debris cleanup experiment together |
C.These kinds of demonstrations have never been done before. |
D.the demonstration mission will be divided into three phases |
A serious attack on the fantasy story for children comes from those who do not wish children to be frightened,” writes C.S. Lewis in an essay named Three Ways of Writing for Children. Those who say that children must not be frightened mean two things. Firstly, they mean that we mustn’t do anything likely to give children fears, and secondly, they want to keep out of their minds that they are born into a world of death, violence, wounds, good and evil (邪恶). C.S. Lewis says he agrees with the first reason, but not the second.
He goes on to remark, “Since it is so likely that they will meet cruel enemies, let them at least hear of brave fighters and heroic courage. By limiting your child to perfect and nice stories of child life in which nothing alarming ever happens, they would fail to face fears and hardships.” “It would be nice,” he continues, “ if no little boy in bed ever hears a frightening sound. But if he is to be frightened, I think St. George, or any bright hero in armor, is a better comfort than the idea of the police.”
Bruno Bettelheim, a well-known child psychologist, also points out that fantasy stories provide children with a valuable education about good and evil. He believes that all children have many personal fantasies filled with fears and fantasy stories comfort them and offer solutions. Happy endings tell them that solutions and hope are real and model the kind of happy life children want to find.
A good fantasy suggests rather than teaches possible answers to life. It’s believed that reading fantasies quickens the ability to get and put ideas from books to reality. It’s what good literature does — it makes life larger.
【小题1】According to the first paragraph, C.S. Lewis thinks that______.A.children shouldn’t read any fantasy story because it is bad |
B.adults shouldn’t do things that may frighten their children |
C.death and badness should be kept out of children’s minds |
D.writing a fantasy story is the best way of writing for children |
A.He is a policeman in real life. |
B.He is a murderer caught by the police. |
C.He is a brave man in a fantasy novel. |
D.He is a frightening person in a story. |
A.Because it encourages children to have a lot of fantasies. |
B.Because it helps children overcome fears and find solutions. |
C.Because it teaches children to write their own fantasy stories. |
D.Because it gives children a happy memory when they grow up. |
A.good literature can give readers more valuable stories |
B.fantasies can improve one’s ability to solve problems |
C.personal fantasies can help children get away from danger |
D.most children can understand what fantasy literature is |
Research found that when people saw others in their herd (群体) hesitating before making a choice, they were about twice as likely to break from the group and make a different choice.
The findings have meanings for group behaviour in finance, fashion—any situation where there might be herd behaviour, Krajbich said. “Even if it appears at first that everyone is following the same trend, hesitation may show that they are not all on the same page,” he said.
The research studied 72 college students. They participated in groups of eight. When their predecessor (前任) responded slowly, participants chose against the herd about 66% of the time, compared to only 33% of the time when their predecessor chose quickly. In cases where the group was making the wrong decision, this often led people to break from the herd and make the correct choice, he said.
“A couple of bad decisions at the beginning can lead everyone to the wrong road. That’s the herd behaviour,” Krajbich said. “But what we found is that if people can see the hesitation in others’ choices, that can help them break the chain and change the course of the herd.”
Fast decisions by others can consolidate one’s own belief. For example, if a person sees their friends quickly choose to get a vaccine for COVID-19, that may make them more comfortable making the same choice, Krajbich said. If friends hesitate before getting a vaccine—even if they eventually get one—that may make a person less sure about whether to get the shot, he said.
Krajbich said the findings in the research aren’t necessary a universal rule. There may be some decisions for which taking longer to choose could indicate a more thoughtful choice. “It will be important to figure out when fast decisions signal confidence or when instead they signal thoughtlessness,” he said.
【小题1】What will people probably do when seeing others in their herd hesitate?A.Stop and see. | B.Criticise the trend. | C.Adopt other options. | D.Follow the majority. |
A.A wrong beginning leads to a wrong road. |
B.Predecessors help speed up decision making. |
C.People tend to choose against the herd without hesitation. |
D.Hesitation in others’ choices helps when the majority is wrong. |
A.Strengthen. | B.Challenge. | C.Weaken. | D.Change. |
A.They may lack confidence. | B.They are persuaded by friends. |
C.They are affected by COVID-19. | D.They may act without due consideration. |
Most Americans believe that someone isn’t grown-up until the age of 26 and they should complete their education, have a full-time job, have a family to support and be financially independent. They also believe that becoming a real grown-up is a process which begins at about the age of 20 and takes about five years, according to the report from the University of Chicago’s National Opinion Research Center.
The findings are based on a representative sample of 1,398 people over the age of 18 who were surveyed in person. The survey found that people expect the transitions to grown-up status to be completed at the following ages: age 20.9 self-supporting; age 21.1 no longer living with parents; age 21.2 having a full-time job; age 22.3 education completed; age 24.5 being able to support a family financially; age 25.7 getting married; and age 26.2 having a child.
“There is a large degree of agreement across social groups on the relative importance of the seven transitions,” said Tom Smith, director of the survey. The only obvious pattern of differences is on views about supporting a family, having children and getting married. Older adults consider these more important than younger adults do. This probably shows in large part a change in values across generations away from traditional family values. The most valued step toward reaching adulthood, the survey found, is completing education, followed by full-time employment, supporting a family, financial independence, living independently, and marriage.
【小题1】According to the first paragraph, someone is a grown-up when he _______.A.has found a full-time job |
B.has finished his study in university |
C.can make money and support himself after completing his education |
D.can support a family and be financially independent after graduation |
A.finding a job | B.finding a girl friend |
C.making money | D.preparing for his wedding |
A.position | B.rank | C.level | D.situation |
A.being grown-up is just a matter of age |
B.being grown-up is a process which takes some time |
C.all people think completing education means being grown-up |
D.the survey found everyone had a different view about being grown-up |
A.It takes a long time to grown up. |
B.Are we grown-up yet? |
C.Getting married means being grown-up. |
D.Completing education means being grown-up. |
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