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Offline research has given rise to what’s called the “Social Brain Hypothesis”. This says that our brain’s ability to process multiple relationships creates a natural group size for humans of 100-200 people. This size is also constrained (限制) by the time required to maintain relationships — we only have so much time to devote to meeting or talking to people.

It has been suggested that social media might overcome the time constraints because posts and pictures allow us to talk to many more people at the same time even if the interaction is not direct. So psychologist Professor Robin Dunbar carried out two surveys of more than 3,300 people to see whether using the Internet really means we can have more friends.

What he found was that even among regular social media users, the average number of friends they had on Facebook was 155 in the first survey and 183 in the second, right in the bracket (范围) predicted by the “Social Brain Hypothesis”.

The first survey group, made up of regular social media users, considered only 28% of their Facebook friends to be “genuine” friends. When asked specifically how many people they would turn to for support in a crisis and how many they would turn to for sympathy, on average those groups were just 4 and 14 friends respectively, matching the offline findings of the “Social Brain Hypothesis”.

While a few people did have much larger groups of online “ friends ” on Facebook, they had similar sized support and sympathy groups to others. This suggests that when social media seem to allow someone to have more friends, it is because looser acquaintances are being included in the “friend” category, and partly because social media sites tend not to differentiate between close and more distant relationships — even though we clearly distinguish between friends and acquaintances in the offline world.

Professor Robin Dunbar explained, “social media certainly help to slow down the natural rate of decline in relationship quality that would set in once we cannot readily meet friends face to face. But no amount of social media will prevent a friend from eventually becoming just another acquaintance if you don’t meet face to face from time to time. There is something vital for face-to-face interaction that is crucial for maintaining friendships. Seeing the white of their eyes from time to time seems to be crucial to the way we maintain friendships.”

【小题1】Why did Professor Robin Dunbar carried out two surveys?
A.To discover if social media use can expand one’s social circle.
B.To prove social media offer a way to overcome the time constraints.
C.To explore how offline interactions allow one to have more friends.
D.To show if social media provides more communication opportunities.
【小题2】What do we know about the surveys’ findings?
A.They can not serve as evidence.B.They are well above expectations.
C.They have led to more offline research.D.They confirm the “Social Brain Hypothesis”.
【小题3】Why did a few people have a much larger group of online “friends” ?
A.Because they got great support and sympathy from their online social circle.
B.Because they were better at turning acquaintances into friends.
C.Because they could distinguish their friends and acquaintances clearly online.
D.Because they viewed people in their acquaintance circle as friends.
【小题4】What did Professor Robin Dunbar reveal in the last paragraph?
A.Social media can not replace face-to-face contact.
B.Social media affect our face-to-face socialization skills.
C.Social media fail to improve the quality of our relationships.
D.Social media have negative effects on face-to-face interaction.
2022·湖南长沙·模拟预测
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Roughly the size of a soda can, sitting on a bookshelf, a relatively harmless device may be turning friends away from your home. The elephant in your living room is your Internet-connected camera, a device people are increasingly using for peace of mind in their homes. But few stop to think about the effect these devices may have on house guests. Should you tell your friends, for instance, that they’re being recorded while you all watch the big game together?

“It’s certainly new territory (领地), especially as home security cameras become easier to fix,” says Lizzie Post, president of the Emily Post Institute, America’s distinguished manners advisors. “I think it will be very interesting to see what manners appear in terms of whether you tell people you have a camera or not, and whether guests have a right to ask that it be turned off, if it’s not a security issue.” Post wants to make clear that she’s not talking about legal rights, but rather personal preference.

When it comes to security cameras, Post says it’s a host’s responsibility to make sure guests feel comfortable within their home. If the host casually acknowledges that there is a camera in the room by telling a story about, it that may be enough to provide an opening for a guest to say if they are uncomfortable.

However, if a contractor (合约工) is working in your home, you don’t need to tell them that there are cameras watching. Then again, the camera can also work in contractors’ favor. “If anything does go wrong while they’re in the house, they don’t want to be blamed for it,” she says. “In fact, the camera could be the thing that proves that they didn’t steal the $20, or knock the vase off the table.”

【小题1】What is Lizzie Post mainly discussing about the use of home security cameras?
A.Legal rights.
B.Moral issues.
C.The possible impact on health.
D.Likes and dislikes of individuals.
【小题2】According to Post, what is a host’s responsibility concerning the security camera?
A.Indicating its position.
B.Turning it on all the time.
C.Making their guests feel at ease.
D.Having a casual talk with guests.
【小题3】How can the home security camera help contractors working in your home?
A.It can prove their innocence.
B.It can record their working progress.
C.It can prevent the accidents happening.
D.It can make their work more enjoyable.
【小题4】What’s the author’s attitude towards the security camera?
A.Negative.B.Pessimistic.
C.Favorable.D.Objective.
Parents do need to teach their kids financial responsibility and that money is earned. Still, many child-development experts agree that tying a child’s allowance to chores can be a slippery slope. Here’s why.
Susie Walton, master instructor at Peace in Your Home advises to keep chores and allowances totally separate. “Allowance is one thing. When it comes to chores, life skills, responsibilities­-that’s a whole different thing.” says Walton.
Walton says, “When kids aren’t doing a chore, you don't say, ‘well, there goes your allowance.’ You’re going to sit them down and ask what’s going on. ‘We are a team. We are a family. We’ve got to have them done.’”
Besides, by paying children for chores with an allowance, you’ll also be sending the message that work isn't worth doing unless they’re getting paid for it.
There are times when it would make sense to pay kids for chores. Most financial and child-development experts agree that it’s a fine idea to pay children money for extra jobs that are outside their normal set of chores, such as washing windows, washing the car or helping to clean out the garage-especially if the child is saving for a big item. This may even develop an entrepreneurial (企业家的) spirit to think outside of the box to earn money.
For parents who are concerned that their children won’t learn the value of a dollar if the allowance isn’t tied to household chores, note that there are still plenty of money management skills to be learned from a straight allowance. Depending on the age, kids can be made responsible for paying for their own toys or snacks. Some parents even require that kids set aside a percentage of their allowance toward savings.
“I really like having my own money,” says Kevin, 9. “It’s up to me if I want to buy the cheap toy now, or save and get the better toy.” And that’s a good lesson to learn at 9 years old.
No matter which allowance route you take in parenthood, kids will feel empowered by being able to handle their own money.
【小题1】Which of the following would Susie Walton most probably agree with?
A.A child’s allowance shouldn’t be tied to chores.
B.Kids shouldn’t be forced to do chores.
C.Doing chores teaches kids the value of work.
D.Kids should be paid for doing chores.
【小题2】According to Susie Walton, if kids don’t do chores, parents should ________.
A.teach them the entrepreneurial spirit
B.talk to them about family responsibilities.
C.give them a smaller allowance than usual
D.punish them by not giving them their allowances
【小题3】In Paragraph 6, “a straight allowance” probably means “________”.
A.money given by charity organizations
B.money earned by doing part-time jobs.
C.money earned by doing everyday household chores
D.money given by parents and not dependent on chores
【小题4】What is the author’s attitude towards Kevin’s action?
A.Worried.B.Doubtful.
C.Approving.D.Unfavorable.
【小题5】The text is mainly about _____________.
A.the importance of kids doing chores
B.whether parents should pay kids for chores
C.the advantages of kids handling their own money
D.whether parents should give kids regular allowances

Migration (迁移) has become a flashpoint for debate in many countries. But research from the McKinsey Global Institute(MGI) finds that it generates significant economic benefits-and more effective integration of immigrants (移民) could increase those benefits.

Moving more labor to higher-productivity settings boosts global GDP. Migrants of all skill levels contribute to this effect, whether through entrepreneurship (创业) or through freeing up natives for higher-value work. In fact, migrants make up just 3. 4 percent of the world’s population, bur MGI’ research finds that they contribute nearly 10 percent of global GDP. They contributed roughly $6. 7 trillion to global GDP in 2015-some $3 trillion more than they would have produced in their origin countries. Developed nations realize more than 90 percent of this effect.

Employment rates are slightly lower for immigrants than for native workers in top destinations, but this varies by skill level and by region of origin. Wide-ranging academic evidence shows that immigration does not harm native employment or wages, although there can be short-term negative effects if there is a large inflow of migrants to a small region, if migrants are close substitutes for native workers, or if the destination economy is experiencing a downturn.

Realizing the benefits of immigration depends on how well new arrivals are integrated (融合) into their destination country’s labor market and into society. Today immigrants tend to earn 20 to 30 percent less than native-born workers. But if countries narrow that wage gap to just 5 to 10 percent by integrating immigrants more effectively across various aspects of education, housing, health, and community engagement, they could generate an additional boost of $800 billion to $1 trillion to worldwide economic output annually. This is a relatively conservative goal, but it can produce broader positive effects, including lower poverty rates and higher overall productivity in destination economies.

The stakes are high. The success or failure of integration can reverberate (回荡) for many years, influencing whether second-generation immigrants become fully participating citizens who reach their full productive potential or remain in a poverty trap.

【小题1】What is the purpose of this text?
A.To give a definition.
B.To explain a phenomenon.
C.To introduce a research.
D.To report a finding.
【小题2】What can we know from the text?
A.Around $3 trillion of 2015 global GDP would have disappeared without immigration.
B.90 percent of 2015 global GDP was created by immigrants from developed nations.
C.20 to 30 percent native-born workers earn 10% more than immigrants.
D.$800 billion to $1 trillion would be boosted if immigrants earned 20-30% more.
【小题3】On what basis does immigration benefit the society?
A.How skilled immigrants are.
B.How much immigrants make up the local population.
C.How good the destination economy is.
D.How integrated immigrants are into local society.
【小题4】The author says “the stakes are high” to emphasize the importance of ______.
A.immigrationB.integration
C.contributionD.second-generation

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