Back in【小题1】late 1700s, long before people understood the reason behind immunity (免疫),farmers and doctors in rural areas of Britain noticed that dairymaids(牛奶工) and other people who got a mild disease called cowpox(牛痘) seldom caught its fearsome cousin, smallpox (天花). Was there a connection? Some decided there was an inserted (植入) material from the cowpox into an incision (切口) they cut on the arm of healthy people, thus somehow 【小题2】(protect)them from smallpox. In 1798,a doctor named Edward Jenner published the results of his experiments using this procedure,earning 【小题3】(he)fame as the“Father of Smallpox Vaccination (疫苗接种).”

Scientists later figured out that cowpox somehow protected one from smallpox. When people caught cowpox, their bodies made special cells 【小题4】 (call) antibodies. They fought the disease.That's not all. They stayed in the blood   【小题5】case the disease ever returned. Because cowpox and smallpox are fairly similar, if a person was later exposed to the more serious disease, anti-bodies were ready 【小题6】( fight) it too.

That knowledge helped scientists develop vaccines. The term vaccination was coined from the Latin for cow (vacca).They contain the virus, weakened, dead or modified (改良的) . Injected into the blood, they trick the immune system into making antibodies.【小题7】 the body ever meets with those same【小题8】(virus),even at full strength,the antibodies make short work of them.

Vaccination prior to 【小题9】(expose) to the virus is ideal. But a vaccination given within three days of exposure will 【小题10】(complete) prevent or significantly modify smallpox in the majority of people and given within the first four to seven days will likely offer some protection or soften the diseases.

Today, digital devices (设备) 【小题1】 (help) prevent the development of disease in the elderly, and often in a surprising manner. For example, research suggests that the devices 【小题2】 (use) to treat the 【小题3】 (lose) of hearing are also helping the onset of dementia (痴呆).

Fitness trackers such as Fitbit, are helping monitor their users’ activity levels and encouraging 【小题4】 to adopt more active and healthier lifestyles, which is having a positive effect on illnesses such as hypertension (高血压).

Devices such as the Amazon Echo, are giving back valuable independence to those suffering from the loss of movement, which, 【小题5】 it is taken away, can leave one feeling worthless, and shamed.

This artificial intelligence assistant allows 【小题6】 elderly to carry out a large number 【小题7】 tasks through voice control e.g. lighting, and heating. Therefore, it enables users not to rely on others for the 【小题8】 (small) task and gives back 【小题9】 (price) independence and pride.

These devices 【小题10】 (prove) to help overcome memory issues, too—a leading causes of independence loss in old age.

Since the country’s first confirmed case of COVID-19 was reported on May 13, medical workers and volunteers 【小题1】 (conduct) all-out efforts to contain the latest outbreak. Thousands of local medical workers and volunteers have concentrated on nucleic acid testing, vaccination and 【小题2】 (help) people who are quarantined.

In Yingkou, Liaoning, 【小题3】 1,788 people were quarantined by the end of Monday, 52 teams of volunteers made more than 8,000 contactless deliveries of daily 【小题4】 (necessary), said Zhang Xianbin, vice-mayor of Yingkou. 【小题5】 (ensure) that the city was safe from a further outbreak, the municipal government of Shenyang, the provincial capital, declared on Tuesday afternoon the expansion of testing to areas beyond where the current four cases were found, 【小题6】 the support of over 1,400 medical workers.

Tong Mingming, 【小题7】 nurse in Hefei, said that after administering hundreds of doses of vaccines to residents, she was very tired but would continue to work. Tong had planned to take a vacation recently. 【小题8】 she was kept on duty after the new cases were found in the city’s Feixi county and the 【小题9】 (neighbor) city of Lu’an. Recalling the situation in early 2020, Tong, the nurse, said she feels much 【小题10】 (safe) working at the front line “because we are now more experienced in handling the situation and protected by the vaccines.”