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Coastal cities around the globe are sinking by up to several centimeters per year, on average, satellite observations reveal. The one-two punch of sinking land and rising seas means that these coastal regions are at greater risk of flooding than previously thought, researchers report in the April 16 Geophysical Research Letters.

Matt Wei, an earth scientist at the University of Rhode Island in Narragansett, and colleagues studied 99 coastal cities on six continents. “We tried to balance population and geographic location,” he says. While subsidence (下沉) has been measured in cities previously, earlier research has tended to focus on just one city or region. This investigation is different. Wei says, “It’s one of the first to really use data with global coverage.” Wei and his team relied on observations made mostly from 2015 to 2020 by a pair of European satellites. Instruments onboard beam microwave signals toward Earth and then record the waves that bounce back. By measuring the timing and intensity of those reflected waves, the team determined the height of the ground with millimeter accuracy. And because each satellite flies over the same part of the planet every 12 days, the researchers were able to trace how the ground deformed over time.

The largest subsidence rates — up to five centimeters per year — are mostly in Asian cities like Tianjin, China; Karachi, Pakistan; and Manila, Philippines, the team found. What’s more, about one-third, or 34, of the analyzed cities are sinking in some places by more than a centimeter per year. That’s a worrying trend, says Dario Solano-Rojas, an earth scientist at the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City who was not involved in the research. These cities are being hit with a double whammy: At the same time that sea levels are rising due to climate change, the land is sinking. “Understanding that part of the problem is a big deal,” Solano-Rojas says.

Wei and his colleagues think that the subsidence is largely caused by people. When the researchers looked at Google Earth imagery of the regions within cities that were rapidly sinking, the team saw mostly residential or commercial areas. That’s a tip-off that the culprit (元凶) is groundwater extraction, the team concluded. Landscapes tend to settle as water is pumped out of aquifers (含水层). But there’s reason to be hopeful. In the past, Indonesia’s Jakarta, for example, was sinking by nearly 30 cm/yr, on average. But now subsidence there and in other places has slowed, possibly due to recent governmental regulations limiting groundwater extraction.

【小题1】How does Matt Wei and his colleagues’ research differ from previous ones?
A.It centers on observing European satellites.
B.It adopts comprehensive data on a global scale.
C.It demonstrates subsiding land and rising seas risk coastal regions.
D.It makes the connection between waves and the height of the ground.
【小题2】What can we know from the third paragraph?
A.Most Asian cities are sinking at the rate of five centimeters per year.
B.Dario Solano-Rojas is in charge of statistical analysis in the research.
C.Some cities are in a difficult situation with land sinking and sea rising.
D.Cities subsiding at largest rates account for one third of the analyzed cities.
【小题3】What is a cause of the subsidence according to the passage?
A.Launching satellites flying over the same part of the earth.B.Governments’ regulations on limiting water usage.
C.Rising seas flooding some coastal regions regularly.D.Pumping groundwater out for certain purposes.
【小题4】What is the author’s attitude toward slowing down subsidence?
A.Optimistic.B.Skeptical.C.Tolerant.D.Conservative.
2022·黑龙江哈尔滨·模拟预测
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If you wear a fitness traoker, no doubt you check it throughout the day, recording your steps or checking your heart rate and congratulating yourself as you get closer to your goals. But a new study finds that your Fitbit really isn't as much of an indicator of your health and fitness as the people you hang out with.

Researchers have long known that our friends influence whether we get into not-so-healthy habits. Now scientists want to take a closer look to see if friends also influence health, as well as happiness and stress.

“We were interested in the topology of the social network — what does my position within my social network predict about my health and well-being?” said Nitesh V. Chawla; the study's lead author. “What we found was that the social network structure provided an important improvement in predictability of wellness states of a person over just using the data coming from fitness trackers.”

Participants in the study wore Fitbits so researchers could collect information about steps, heart rate, sleep data and activity level. They also completed surveys about their feelings of happiness and stress. Researchers got data about the participants' social network using a mobile software that collected information about calls and texts.

The team then analyzed the data, comparing the tracker information to the social network characteristics. The results showed a strong relation between the structure of the participants' social network and their heart rate, the number of steps they took and their daily level of activity.

The researchers suggest that one way these research results might be used is in the workplace. Employers who give workers fitness trackers to improve their health could suggest they share their progress with each other in order to build an encouraging network.

【小题1】Why do scientists carry out the study?
A.To further former studies.B.To test a new fitness tracker.
C.To introduce a new way of life.D.To correct people's wrong ideas.
【小题2】How did the researchers learn about the participants' friendships?
A.By making a survey.B.By checking their phones.
C.By finding information from Fitbits.D.By getting data from a phone app.
【小题3】What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A.The results of the study.B.The application(应用)of the study.
C.The limitation of the study.D.The future direction of the study.
【小题4】What is the best title for the text?
A.Your good friends tell more about your health
B.Fitness trackers should give way to friendships
C.Your social activities play a role in your health
D.More friends are necessary for your health

On January 22, a massive iceberg broke off from Antarctica’s Brunt Ice Shelf. Scientists say the iceberg was expected to break off and the event isn’t connected to climate change. But the size of the iceberg is hard to imagine.

The iceberg, known as “A81”, is extremely large. It covers an area of about 600 square miles (1,550 square kilometers).

Antarctica, the world’s fifth largest continent, is covered with a layer of ice and snow that’s roughly 1.2 miles (1.9 kilometers) thick. As snow falls, it piles up in the center of Antarctica in a huge layer of ice. Over time, the weight of this ice and snow creates slowly moving rivers of ice called glaciers, which push out towards the sea.

When the glaciers reach the sea, they slowly push out beyond the edge of the land, forming huge “ice shelves”, These are massive sections of ice that spread out over the sea, floating on the water below. Antarctica’s largest ice shelf, the Ross Ice Shelf, is about the size of France.

From time to time, the edges of the ice shelves break off. This is a natural process, called “calving”. Though calving events are a normal part of the ice shelf in Antarctica, one expert describes huge calving events like this one as “spectacular”,

Unlike an ice shelf, sea ice isn’t attached to Antarctica’s land. It’s a layer of ice that floats on the surface of the sea. The sea ice is there year-round. It grows larger in the cold winters, and smaller as it begins to melt in the summers.

It’s now summer in Antarctica, and scientists say the sea ice is disappearing “unusually” rapidly. Last year, with temperatures warmer than normal, Antarctica set a record for the lowest amount of sea ice ever recorded. Scientists say Antarctica’s sea ice could set a new record low again this year.

【小题1】Why have a lot of icebergs broken off from Antarctica in recent years?
A.Because of climate change.
B.Because of human activities.
C.Because of their extremely big size.
D.Because of the amount of iceberg.
【小题2】What does the underlined word “calving” probably refer to in paragraph 5?
A.Giving birth.B.Breaking off.
C.Coming together.D.Cutting down.
【小题3】What is the scientists’ attitude towards the changes of sea ice in Antarctica?
A.Doubtful.B.Objective.C.Optimistic.D.Worried.
【小题4】What is probably the best title of this text?
A.Massive Iceberg Breaks from Antarctica
B.Scientists Say the Iceberg Was to Break Off
C.Antarctica’s Sea Ice Could Set a New Record
D.The Sea Ice Disappears“Unusually”Rapidly

Sport is not only physically challenging, but can also be mentally challenging. Criticism (批评) from coaches, parents and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create too much anxiety or stress for young athletes. Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as dropping out of or quitting an activity that was at one time enjoyable.

The early years of growth are important years for learning about oneself and the sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can for example, learn how to cooperate with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents and coaches’ criticisms to heart and find faults in themselves.

Coaches and parents should also pay attention that youth sport participation does not become work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the sport an other life lessons. In today’s youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport. Following a game, many parents and coaches focus on the outcome and find faults with youngsters’ performances. Positive support should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive support encourages and has a greater effect on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout.

【小题1】What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A.Sport can be mentally challenging.
B.Stress should be made less.
C.Mental stress should be reduced.
D.Sport should be made less competitive.
【小题2】Why is sport important for young people according to the passage?
A.It enables them to criticize themselves.
B.It can provide them with valuable experiences.
C.It can help them learn more about society.
D.It teaches them how to set realistic goals for themselves.
【小题3】What should parents and coaches do according to the passage?
A.Train children to deal with stress.B.Help children to win every game.
C.Make sure children enjoy sport.D.Understand the meaning of sport.
【小题4】What’ s the author’ s purpose of writing the passage?
A.To stress the importance of encouraging children in sport.
B.To persuade young children not to worry about criticism.
C.To teach young athletes how to avoid burnout.
D.To discuss the skill of combining criticism with encouragement.

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