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One of the most powerful social desires expressed by teenagers is to be thought of as cool and popular by their peers(同龄人), which is quite natural.

Often, the terms “cool” and “popular” get used interchangeably as if they were just different labels for the same perception. On closer examination, however, it becomes clear that they are quite different and have a fairly complicated relationship with each other.

Let’s start by examining what popularity is all about. At first glance, popularity is easy to define and recognize: A popular person is an individual who is well-known, well-liked, and admired by others. However, the sources of the social power possessed by popular people can be quite different. Specifically, sociometric popularity (SP) primarily reflects “like ability” and it is linked with qualities such as being kind and trustworthy. However, peer-perceived popularity (PP) is based upon a judgment of how popular others think that person is among his or her peers. It reflects what we might call “status” and is often related with less desirable qualities such as being dominant, aggressive, or “stuck-up”.

So, popularity is a more complicated concept than it may seem. As complicated as popularity is, coolness is even more so.

Coolness is a broader category than popularity. One can be cool by having cool stuff, by doing cool stuff, or by just plain “being cool”. It is a combination of self presentation, fashion, and attitude. It’s push back against norms and authority that may label itself as not caring about traditional routes to success such as academic achievement and being “too cool for school”.

Hence, coolness and popularity represent two completely independent terms. The pursuit of being cool and popular will probably always be part of the human experience, especially among young people. In and of itself, this is neither good nor bad. But it may be useful to be aware of the differences in these qualities and be clear about exactly what it is that we are pursuing.

【小题1】What is a common understanding of coolness and popularity?
A.They contradict each other.B.They share a complex connection.
C.They are simply the same concept.D.They can only be owned by the young.
【小题2】Why does the author mention SP and PP in paragraph 3?
A.To make a proposal.B.To illustrate a concept.
C.To classify popularity.D.To list typical qualities.
【小题3】Which can be regarded as being cool?
A.Following suit.B.Prioritizing others.
C.Observing traditions.D.Challenging authority.
【小题4】What does the author think of the pursuit of coolness and popularity?
A.It’s unblamable.B.It’s rewarding.
C.It’s undesirable.D.It’s shameful.
2022·山东济宁·二模
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Forget about the “post-1995 generation”. Young people born in 1995 or later have another name in English — Generation Z. They are entering adulthood and will soon shape our future, which is why policy makers, as well as employers and marketers, are trying their best to understand these young people. So, how should we pin down the Gen Z-ers?

Most people will agree that the single biggest difference between Gen-Z and other generations is how connected they are. This is a group of people who had access to social media as soon as they were born. Social media has changed the way Gen Z-ers interact with each other and how they get and process information. They read news from Twitter, watch videos from Vine, share experiences in Instagram and post recipes in Pinterest.

“We are the first true digital natives. I can almost simultaneously create a document, edit it, post a photo on Instagram and talk on the phone, all from the user-friendly iPhone,” said Hannah Payne, an 18-year-old UCLA student.

It is noted that young people in the UK are becoming more active in Politics. Young people regard voting as one option among many to show their political engagement that can potentially influence policies. Instead of party politics, they focus more on single-topic issues such as feminism or climate change. And “much of the engagement and organizing they do takes place on social media rather than through traditional political structures,” according to the Guardians.

Gen Z-ers are also culture creators. Growing up with the Internet has freed this generation from traditional cultural expression. They are no longer willing to let their creativity be limited by their parents or traditional rules. “We decide what kind of content we want to experience and choose how we experience it,” wrote Masback, a Huffington Post blogger and a Gen Z-er herself.

【小题1】What does the underlined phrase “pin down” mean in Paragraph 1?
A.Cooperate with.B.Firmly convince.
C.Communicate with.D.Clearly understand.
【小题2】What is special about the Gen Z-ers’ engagement in politics?
A.It’s topic-specific.B.It stresses social response.
C.It’s party-based.D.It has an immediate effect.
【小题3】What can be inferred about the Gen Z-ers?
A.They are socially responsible.B.They are friendly and generous.
C.They are addicted to social media.D.They are rooted in traditional culture.
【小题4】What is the author’s attitude towards Gen Z-ers?
A.Worried.B.Suspicious.C.Objective.D.Disapproving.

When Ron first started with his organization, he loved his job. He went into work every day filled with purpose and passion (热情). Three years later, however, it was hard to recognize him. Now, Ron detests going to work. He feels that his work is meaningless, he’s always stressed, and he calls in sick frequently.

These are basic symptoms (征兆) of burnout. If you’ve experienced this yourself, it’s important that you should know how to recover from it before you have difficulty in having a sense of satisfaction and then dislike your job.

You first need to know why you’ve experienced burnout. First, look at any resentment (愤怒) that you feel towards your work. Often, feelings of resentment point to something important that is missing.

Here’s a good example. Jennifer manages a team around the world, so her workday often starts at 6 a.m. She doesn’t mind this because she likes her team and her job. But she feels resentful when her boss forgets that she starts work so early and repeatedly asks her to stay late, which causes her to miss important time with her family.

In this example, burnout wouldn’t happen if Jennifer disliked her job; in fact, she loves what she does. She experiences burnout because she hates missing out on family time in the evenings.

Take time to think about any negative feelings that you have about your role, and try to get to the root of the problem. Once you’ve known the cause of your burnout, write down at least one way that you can manage that source of stress. This might include giving some of your duties to others, working from home one day a week, or even changing roles.

【小题1】Which of the following is closest in meaning to “detests” in Paragraph 1?
A.Minds.B.Hates.
C.Avoids.D.Misses.
【小题2】What does the author say about burnout?
A.It has a bad influence on one’s job.
B.It causes serious health problems.
C.Its cause is unclear.
D.It lasts a short time.
【小题3】What causes Jennifer’s burnout at work?
A.That she works too hard.
B.That she doesn’t like her job.
C.That her boss is too strict with her.
D.That she can’t make time for her family.
【小题4】What does the author advise people to do in the last paragraph?
A.Try to keep great passion at work.
B.Change the role you play in your work.
C.Find out the cause of burnout and solve it.
D.Consider negative feelings as something unimportant.

In 1878, when Margaret Wolfe Hungerford wrote “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder”, she was saying that there was no fixed view on beauty. Standards of beauty change over time and cultural groups.

Traditions and fashions, like society itself change and adapt with time. So it is reasonable that our ideas of beauty change as well in 19th-century Europe, women used to wear corsets (束身衣) to achieve a body shape that is no longer considered healthy. Men would wear woolen shawls (披肩) across their shoulders. It is hard to imagine that they would be seen as attractive in the 21st century.

Nowadays culture remains a major part in determining our ideas of beauty. In some countries, young women follow slimming diets to lose extra kilos in preparation for their wedding day. In other cultures, looking thin for a husband-to-be is not what a woman desires at all—rather, looking a little overweight is considered more attractive.

With the influence of history, society and culture, there are no fixed standards which can be used to judge what is beautiful. Lifelong efforts and the development of society itself depend on people seeing beauty in difference and depth. The human race would soon die out if we could only see beauty within a set of limited standards.

Physical beauty must also be closely related to an attraction to something deeper within a person. This special kind of attraction is found in a wide range of personal qualities, e.g. kindness, warmth, etc. Judging the attraction of a person’s inner beauty is much more subjective (主观的). It takes more than a quick look to admire and it is much more important than physical beauty.

Beauty, therefore, is shown in different forms. We are influenced by our culture, our biology and our time in history to notice physical beauty quickly and easily, but it is inner beauty that requires us to truly see. Beauty is certainly in the eye of the beholder.

【小题1】How does the writer present his point of view in paragraph 3?
A.Listing numbers.
B.Using examples.
C.Comparing standards of beauty.
D.Using famous sayings.
【小题2】What does the writer intend to tell us in paragraph 4?
A.People often see beauty in difference and depth.
B.Fixed standards should be made to judge beauty.
C.Human beings will die out without limited standards.
D.Many elements contribute to different standards of beauty.
【小题3】What can we learn about physical beauty?
A.Physical beauty matters most.
B.Personal qualities determine physical beauty.
C.Physical beauty is less important than inner beauty.
D.Physical beauty has nothing to do with inner beauty
【小题4】What can be a suitable title for the passage?
A.Beauty is power.
B.Beauty is nowhere to be found.
C.Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
D.Beauty can only be found in hard work.

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