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By March 2018, Cape Town’s biggest reservoir (储水库) had dropped to just 11 percent of its capacity. The city was close to turning off the taps. “I’ve never experienced anything like it,” said Samantha Reinders. Like everyone else here, Reinders learned to wash, cook and drink using just the official daily limit—50 liters. Posters were put up everywhere, telling 400,000 people in Cape Town how far the reservoirs had dropped. They also showed the countdown until “Day Zero”. Finally, in June, the rains returned. People ran outside to feel the water flow on their faces. Cape Town’s water shortage was over, at least temporarily. “Day Zero” had never quite arrived.

Afterward, an international group of scientists analyzed Cape Town’s drought and water shortage. They studied computer models and rainfall records. Finally, they came to a conclusion: Climate change wasn’t the culprit (罪魁祸首) of the drought. It hadn’t begotten the drought. But it had tripled (使成三倍) the chance that a drought would occur.

Friederike Otto is a climate scientist at Oxford University in England and lead author of that study. The risk of drought could triple again by the end of the 21st century, she said. That’s when global temperatures are predicted to rise another 1 degree Celsius.

Co-author Piotr Wolski said that better planning could help in the future. The area could manage its water reservoirs more carefully. People could fix leaky dams and make use of a variety of water sources instead of only reservoirs. “Drought may or may not translate into a crisis (危机),” he pointed out.

In many ways, said Reinders, the water crisis made a change to the city. Most people, across race, gender, religion and class, did their best to save water and help their neighbors out. And most were sticking to the water-saving habits they had learned. “I think this is the new normal. And that is pretty much the word on the street,” said Reinders.

【小题1】What does Paragraph 1 show about Cape Town?
A.It experienced a severe drought.
B.It was carrying out a water-saving campaign.
C.It needed one more reservoir urgently.
D.It was repairing its water-supply lines.
【小题2】What does the underlined word “begotten” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A.CausedB.StoppedC.ExpandedD.Worsened
【小题3】What’s Piotr Wolski’s suggestion on the water crisis?
A.Never too late to mend.B.Be aware of the potential leaky dams.
C.Save for a rainy day.D.Make full use of the water reservoirs.
【小题4】What’s the main purpose of the last paragraph?
A.To call on people to show kindness to others.
B.To stress people’s efforts to save water.
C.To encourage people to stick to their good habits.
D.To show the beneficial sides of the water crisis.
21-22高二下·山西晋中·阶段练习
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With advanced communication technologics making the iconic British red telephone boxes expendable(可抛弃的), a US firm is all set to bring them back to use. Call boxes would be changed into mini-offices for workers on-the-go and will offer free coffee to subscribers(认购者).

Bar Works Inc's chief executive Jonathan Black, a Briton living in New York, said that his company will renew telephone boxes with fully functional printers, scanners, 25-inch screens and Wi-Fi. Bar Works specializes in offering bar-themed work stations in prime locations, charging customers with a monthly subscription in return for free access to the business and office supplies. The company plans to operate in a similar manner, offering British customers with monthly memberships to "Pod Works" for £19.99($29).

The company will refit telephone boxes in five major British cities and has already rented and changed 15 old call boxes in London and Edinburgh. As expected, they are coming into use by the public in the coming months. "Given the prime location, above all else, of the telephone boxes, the launch is expected to gain at least 10, 000 members by the end of 2021. It's an alternative to, say, Starbucks but obviously it provides you with total privacy. " said Black.

Thanks to mobile phones, the red telephone boxes have been effectively made expendable. According to a report by the Daily Mail, retired telephone boxes, especially those damaged deliberately, are sent to a "telephone box graveyard" of sorts, where they take great pains to restore to their former glory before being sold to collectors across the globe. Such is the demand for properly restored telephone boxes, that it is not uncommon for them to be sold for amounts as high as £10, 000.

Despite its setback, in a recent survey, the British red telephone box, which was originally designed in 1920, was voted the greatest British design of all time.

【小题1】What will the red telephone boxes be used for?
A.Mini-offices.B.Mini coffee boxes.
C.Bar-themed call boxes.D.Leisure rooms for workers.
【小题2】What do you know about the renewed telephone boxes?
A.They will be put into use next year.
B.They offer as much privacy as Starbucks.
C.They will be equipped with office supplies.
D.They have been rented in five major British cities.
【小题3】What is Black's attitude towards the launch?
A.Doubtful.B.Confident.C.Cautious.D.Uncertain.
【小题4】What's the purpose of writing about the telephone boxes in this passage?
A.To arouse concern for them.B.To introduce their new role.
C.To expand a larger market.D.To advertise their launch.

When a person in the United States gets the COVID-19 vaccine (疫苗), the person receives a small piece of paper called a “COVID-19 Vaccination Record Card”.

It is a piece of paper with the logo of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, and the name and date of the vaccine. Because it is so simple, it could be easy to fake.

Many people in the US are now buying fake(假的) vaccination cards without getting a shot, as universities, workplaces and other places are requiring proof of vaccination.

The Associated Press reports that students and teachers at universities around the U.S. are worried about fake cards. Sellers are using social media apps like Instagram to advertise fake vaccination cards. The prices change from $25 to $200. The AP notes that many college students seem interested in buying the cards. On the website Reddit, one person wrote, “I need one, too, for college. I refuse to be a guinea pig.”

It is reported that more than 700 universities and colleges require proof of vaccination. Most schools simply ask their students to take a photo of their card and send it to a school website. Benjamin Mason Meier is a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC. He studies international health policy. He said, unlike some countries, the US is not using a digital system to record vaccine status. He said the US is depending on “a flimsy paper card”, and students have told him they knew of others who had used fake vaccination cards. Rebecca Williams also works at UNC. She is a researcher at the school’s Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. She said she was not surprised that people were worried about fake vaccination cards. “This is why I think the development of a reliable(可靠的) national digital vaccine passport app is very important,” she said.

There is a law that should stop people from making fake vaccination cards. If someone uses the CDC logo without permission, they can be lined and punished by up to five years in prison. The US Department of Justice recently charged a person in California with making fake vaccination cards.

College students who already have the vaccine are criticizing those who would rather spend money to buy a fake than get a free shot. Maliha Reza, an electrical engineering student at Pennsylvania State University, called those students “dumb”. “I’m angry about that,” she said. “Like, there is more anger than I could describe now.”

【小题1】Why do some college students buy fake vaccination cards?
A.They are easy to get.
B.Many Americans are still uncertain about getting the vaccine.
C.Students have an interest in the fake vaccination cards.
D.To get a vaccine shot is expensive.
【小题2】Which of the following measures can NOT be used to stop the fake cards?
A.Having a law that should prevent people from making false vaccination cards.
B.Developing a reliable national digital vaccine passport app.
C.Using a digital system to record vaccine status.
D.Having all the students take a photo of their vaccination card and send it to the school website.
【小题3】What does the underlined word “flimsy” probably mean?
A.Weak.B.Useful.C.Strict.D.Advanced.
【小题4】What might be the writing purpose for the news report?
A.To spread a digital system to record the vaccination shots.
B.To explain why the US should prevent making the fake vaccination cards.
C.The stress the influence of the COVID-19 vaccination.
D.To reduce the US university leaders’ worry about fake vaccination cards.

Adults are often embarrassed about asking for help. Seeking someone’s assistance can make you feel like you are broadcasting your incompetence. New research suggests young children don’t seek help in school for the same reason.

Kayla Good, a graduate student in developmental psychology at Stanford University, and Alex Shaw, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Chicago, applied a classic technique from developmental psychology to learn more about how children think about reputation. Across several studies, they asked 576 children, aged four to nine, to predict the behavior of two characters, Tom and Jack, in a story. Tom genuinely wanted to be smart, and Jack merely wanted to seem smart to others. In one study, they told children both characters did poorly on a test, and asked which of them would be more likely to raise their hands in front of their class to ask the teacher for help.

The four-year-olds were equally likely to choose either of the two characters as the one who would seek help. But by age seven or eight, children thought Jack would be less likely to ask for assistance. And children’s expectations were truly “reputational” in nature—they were specifically thinking about how the characters would act in front of peers. They could still imagine situations where Jack would seek help: when assistance could be sought privately (on a computer rather than in person), children thought both characters were equally likely to ask for it.

Given the findings, it seems quite possible that when children themselves are the ones struggling, they, too, might avoid seeking out help if they are concerned about reputation. If so, this unwillingness to seek help when others are present could obviously impede academic progress. To improve in any field, one must work hard, take on challenging tasks and ask questions. All of these efforts can be difficult when someone is concerned about their appearance to others.

【小题1】What were the children asked to do about the two characters?
A.To assess their intelligence.B.To predict their academic progress.
C.To discuss their possibility to get help.D.To judge their willingness to ask for help.
【小题2】Who was likely to seek private aid according to the eight-year-olds?
A.Tom.B.Jack.C.Both.D.Neither.
【小题3】What does the underlined word “impede” in paragraph 4 probably mean?
A.Prevent.B.Guarantee.C.Accelerate.D.Monitor.
【小题4】What is the author’s suggestion for kids?
A.Be ready to help others.B.Be brave to ask for assistance.
C.Care more about reputation.D.Make efforts to be smarter.

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