A new study released on Monday showed that 2019 was another year of record-setting ocean warming. An international team examined data going back to-the1950s, looking at temperatures from the ocean surface to 2,000 meters deep. The study, which was published in Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, also showed that the oceans are warming at an increasing speed and the hottest five years ever recorded all came in the last five. “The upward trend is relentless(不间断的), and so we dare say that most of the warming is man-made climate change.” said Kevin Trenberth, a distinguished senior scientist.

Another scientist, Lijing Cheng, the paper’s lead author said there are no reasonable alternatives apart from the human emissions of heat trapping gases to explain this heating, “The Hiroshima atom-bomb (广岛原子弹) exploded with an energy of about 63,000,000,000,000 Joules.”(63万亿焦耳热量) Cheng Said. "I did a calculation...the amount of heat we have put in the world's oceans in the past 25 years equals to 3.6 billion Hiroshima atom-bomb explosions,"he added. That's equivalent to dropping roughly four Hiroshima bombs into the oceans every second over the past quarter of a century. But because the warming is speeding up, the rate at which we are dropping these imaginary bombs is getting faster than ever.

Oceans serve as a good indicator of the real impact of climate change. Covering almost three quarters of Earth's surface, they absorb the vast majority of the world's heat. Since 1970, more than 90% of the planet’s excess heat went into the oceans, while less than 4% was absorbed by the atmosphere and the land, the study said. However, just because people live on land,it doesn't mean they are immune from the effects of the warming waters. Ocean warming has a profound impact on the entire world.

Researchers were surprised to find green snow caused by blooming algae（藻）in the Antarctic Peninsula is expanding as temperatures increase.

Green snow alga is type of tiny organism（微生物）that can't be seen without a microscope. But when the organisms grow all together, they turn the snow bright green, which can even be spotted from space.

The algae are provided with more "habitable" environments to grow as warming temperatures create more wet snow.

Patches of green snow algae can be identified along the Antarctic: coastline, mostly in warmer areas, where average temperatures are slightly above 0℃ during the Southern Hemisphere's summer months of November to February. Researchers have found I, 679 separate growths of green algae on the snow surface, which cover an area of 1.9 square kilometers.

"The Antarctic Peninsula is the part of the region that is being affected by the most rapid warning , " said the researchers. This February abnormal temperatures hitting around 20℃ were recorded.

Researchers believe the organisms will expand as global temperatures rise.

However, while more algae will grow as snow melts faster, the distribution of the organisms is inseparable（分不开的）from bird populations, whose excrement（粪便）contains the substances that speed up the growth of the algae. "As the number of birds, especially penguins, is affected by warming temperatures, the snow algae could lose sources of nutrients to grow, " said Dr. Andrew Gray, the lead researcher of the study.

"An increase in the blooms could also lead to further melting of snow, " he continued. "A green snow algal bloom will reflect about 45% of light hitting it while fresh snow about 80%, so it will increase the rate at which snow melts in a localized area. "

According to the researchers, almost two-thirds of the algal blooms were found growing on small, low-lying islands. Besides, as the Antarctic Peninsula gets warmer, these islands could end up losing both their summer snow cover and algae, though most of the organisms lie in areas where they can spread to higher ground when snow melts.

In 2019, the state of California was on fire. Alexandria Villaseor, who was 13 at the time, witnessed the destruction of Northern California’s Camp Fire, which would go on to burn more than 150,000 acres of land. Villaseor was scared. “That’s when I found out how important climate education was,” she reflected. “And just how much we lacked climate education these past couple of years.”

Villaseor, at the age of 15, was determined to have a bigger conversation. She quickly realized the fight requires international, government-level changes. For her, what started as local concern turned into a year-long protest in front of the United Nations’ New York City headquarters and a global campaign for more compulsory climate education. She sat on a bench in front of the headquarters, begging for the world’s leaders to take climate change seriously.

Her action received national attention, with millions of other students around the world joining in the movement. “It’s completely unacceptable not to learn anything about our planet and our environment in school, after all the young people would inherit the Earth.” Villaseor said, “That’s why I think that climate education is so important, and that’s why I focus a lot on it now.”

Right now, Villaseor is working with the American Administration on its climate plan, which has promised to center on the needs of young people and communities most impacted by climate change. She even spoke at the 2021 Democratic National Convention. “This was definitely a huge moment when I realized that people were listening to the voices of me and youth climate activists.” Villaseor said.

When she isn’t connecting with her fellow youth activists, Villaseor is like most other teens. “My favorite thing to do, of course, is sleep,” she said, “I like to read a lot. I like fantasy books, normally. I also like to write.”