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The Printing Press

What do you think is the most important invention in the last 1,000 years? It is the lightbulb or the Internet? Many people say that it is the printing press, a machine that allows us to print copies or books and documents. But why is the printing press so important?

Before the printing press, books were copied by hand. Ancient Roman book publisher sometimes sold as many as 5,000 copies of a book that had been copied by slaves. But copying a book took so much time and was so expensive that often only a few copies of each book were made. As a result, usually only a small percentage of the population learned to read and owned books.

In 1450, a goldsmith named Johannes Gutenberg in Germany invented the modern printing press. The impact of his machine is sometimes compared to the invention of the Internet. Although ancient Chinese people invented paper in 105 AD and used woodblock printing before 200 AD, Gutenberg’s printing press was easy to use with languages that had alphabetic scripts. After 1450, thousands of copies of a popular book or newspaper could be made quickly and cheaply. Books and newspapers with ideas and images from all over the world went into the market for the wide public.

Knowledge is power. Reading has brought about amazing changes in science, technology and politics. We have learned how to create wealth and even travel to far-away worlds. The computer, cellphone, and Internet have grown, because billions of powerful readers were created by the printing press.

From 1450 on, more and more people have become readers. These billions of readers are powerful, and they help the world to make progress at a fast speed.

【小题1】What is a printing press?
A.A bookB.A machine.C.A material.D.A newspaper.
【小题2】Not many people read in ancient Rome because they had __________.
A.few books to readB.little time to readC.no money for booksD.no interest in books
【小题3】The modern printing press is sometimes compared to the Internet due to its _________.
A.low costB.common useC.great influenceD.rapid development
【小题4】What is mainly discussed about the printing press in the last two paragraphs?
A.The progress.B.The future.C.The contribution.D.The function.
2022高三·北京·学业考试
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If you’ve ever been annoyed by the sound of someone eating, especially as they noisily slurp (出声地吃) noodles, don’t worry, you’re not alone.

A company has recently designed a fork that connects to an app on your smartphone, which will then play noise cancelling sounds if you happen to slurp your noodles too loudly.

The fork was designed with a microphone in its handle that is trained to recognize the sound of slurping. The microphone will then send a signal to the phone app, setting off the noise cancelling sounds.

The company that designed the fork, called Otohiko fork, was inspired by what is called “noodle harassment” by social medians, which is running wild in Japan.

“The Japanese, who generally dislike noisy eating, consider it proper and even preferable to suck up one’s noodles with a loud slurping sound.”

Unfortunately for visitors, however, such enthusiastic slurping tends to grate on their nerves, which is what leads to the creation of the phrase “noodle harassment” in the first place.

The company behind the fork, Nissin, is the very same company that invented Cup Noodles,who brought instant noodles to the world nearly 70 years ago, so they are definitely worried about whether or not foreigners are put off by the sound of slurping noodles.

The fork is being sold for a good $130, but those bothered enough by noodles slurpers will likely find it well worth the money.

Nissin is only planning a limited run of 5,000 forks for the time being, which can now be pre-ordered only through their website.

The company is planning to begin releasing them just in time for the holidays. Of course, it still remains to be seen if the fork can be programmed to drown out the sound of loud chewers, which is probably of greater concern to sensitive western friends.

【小题1】From the passage we can know that ________
A.a microphone in the Otohiko fork’s handle is designed to cancel the slurping sound
B.all the Japanese will be encouraged to use the Otohiko fork.
C.the Otohiko fork is not available now in real shops
D.the Otohiko fork will definitely silence the sound of loud chewers
【小题2】What does the underlined word “harassment” mean?
A.DisturbanceB.PreferenceC.CancellationD.Division
【小题3】The new fork will be the most helpful for ________.
A.western visitors to JapanB.fans of Japanese noodles
C.the spread of Japanese cultureD.the reform of Japanese food
【小题4】What is the main purpose of the passage?
A.It tells good news to western visitors.
B.It introduces a noise cancelling fork.
C.It describes a famous Japanese noodle company.
D.It explains a phrase “noodle harassment”.

Vinegar is great. It makes salad, fries and dumplings taste better, and you can even clean your windows with it. And now, according to scientists,it may even help the planet's population survive climate change. Researchers from the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) in Japan proved that. They found growing plants in vinegar makes them more resistant to droughts. This could mean that in the future, worries about climate change affecting the world's supply of food will be much lower.

The discovery was made after the researchers studied the Arabidopsis, a plant known for its ability to survive in dry weather. It was found that when the plant was placed in drought-like conditions, it produced a chemical called acetate (醋酸盐)-the main component of vinegar.

After discovering this, the scientists experimented further by adding acetate to the soil of other plants before they stopped giving them water completely. After leaving the plants for 14 days, they found that the ones treated with acetate had survived, while the untreated plants had dried up and died.

It's hoped that this simple method of survival could soon be used to help farmers in dry countries keep their crops alive, "In the experiment, we targeted the staple foods of the world-rice, wheat and maize…and proved successful" Jong Myong Kim, co-author of the study, told Popular Science magazine.

Kim has already been in touch with people around the world who are interested in trying this simple and cost-effective method out for themselves from farmers to companies and amateur gardeners. "Now we are trying to cooperate with them to make a method to apply this system, and make the process as simple as possible," he said. Hopefully this means the end of hunger caused by bad weather in the future.

【小题1】What did the researchers from the RIKEN Center prove?
A.Vinegar may help creatures survive bad weather.
B.Vinegar is found in plants by Japanese scientists.
C.Vinegar is very useful for cooking a good meal.
D.Vinegar is mainly used by people to clean houses.
【小题2】How did Scientists find the effects of acetate on plant in the dry weather?
A.By studying the soil.B.By studying the data.
C.By observing the plants.D.By doing the experiment.
【小题3】What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A.The method has a bright future especially in agriculture.
B.Keeping plants alive means a lot for scientists.
C.How to decrease the cost is the main issue.
D.It’s too difficult for farmers to accept the method.
【小题4】Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Vinegar and FoodB.Vinegar Could End Hunger
C.Japanese Scientists Find a PlantD.Plants Need Water

Israeli Company Develops 3D Printed Beef

If there were an award for the funniest company name of 2022, then the 3D printed meat company “Steakholder” would win that award.

Israeli company Steakholder Foods Ltd. has introduced its new product, Omakase Beef Morsels, which are bioprinted with cultured meat. The bites are inspired by the world-famous Wagyu beef, famous for its fat marbling patterns (大理石花纹) in the meat, which is also very expensive.

The company was formed in 2019 and has an office in Israel and Belgium, and is now expanding its operations to the US. 【小题1】

Stakeholder uses stem cells from cattle for the production of its printed beef, and the muscle tissue and fat are printed from two separate bio-inks. 【小题2】 A bite can be made juicier, chewier, and the taste can also be altered.

The process works by first selecting the animals to extract (提取) the stem cells from. The cells are selected from animals that will provide the best meat and yield. The next step is proliferation, in which the cells are placed into a nutrient rich reactor to multiply. When the cells reach appropriate numbers, the stem cells change into muscle cells and fat cells. 【小题3】

“This product marks a major step forward for us and for the cultured meat industry in general,” said Arik Kaufman, CEO of Steakholder Foods. “It is the result of a lot of hard work and our desire to achieve the highest level of meat possible through bioprinting and cell culture processes.”

【小题4】 Its patent for 3D-bioprinting technology is the result of intensive cooperation between its 3D printing engineers and cell biologists. “We see Omakase Beef Morsels as the combination of food, technology and fine art,” Kaufman said. “We want to inspire chefs around the world to create delicious masterpieces and unforgettable dining experiences.”

So there you have it, guilt-free meat eating may be just around the corner.

A.The company has already achieved several milestones since it was founded.
B.Its goal is to create sustainable meat products to replace meats such as beef, chicken and even fish.
C.The layers of meat and fat can be regrouped in different proportions to create different flavor experiences.
D.Additionally, producing meat without having to raise and kill cattle may work out better for ensuring animal welfare and overall health.
E.The meat product is the first of its kind and was created using a specific 3D-bioprinting technology that was recently patented by the company.
F.In the final steps, the muscle cells and fat cells are turned into meat, ready to be processed into the final product, whether it’s a burger, steak, or even a meatloaf.

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