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Families should reduce exposure to synthetic chemicals found in food colorings, preservatives and packaging materials as a growing body of research shows they may harm children's health, according to a policy statement and technical report from the American Academy of Pediatrics released online.

The statement also suggests improvements to the food additives regulatory system, including updating the scientific foundation of the U. S. Food and Drug Administration safety assessment program and retesting all previously approved chemicals.

Q&A with the lead author

We asked Leonardo Trasande, Council on Environmental Health member and lead author of the policy statement, to tell us more about these concerns.

Q: What are the growing number of studies showing us?

A: Over the past two decades, an accumulating body of science suggests some food additives can interfere with a child's hormones, growth and development.

Potentially harmful effects of food additives are of special concern for children because they are more sensitive to chemical exposures because they eat and drink more, relative to body weight, than adults do and are still growing and developing. An early injury to their organ systems can have lifelong and permanent consequences.

Q: What additives does the statement highlight?

A: The additives of most concern, based on rising research evidence cited in the report, include: Bisphenols, such as BPA, used to harden plastic containers and line metal cans, can act like estrogen in the body which may potentially change the timing of puberty, decrease, fertility, increase body fat and affect the nervous and immune systems. BPA is now banned in baby bottles.

Phthalates, which make plastic and vinyl tubes used in industrial food production flexible, may affect male genital development, increase childhood obesity and contribute to cardiovascular disease. In 2017, the Consumer Product Safety Commission banned the use or some phthalates in child-care products such as teething rings.

【小题1】According to the American Academy of Pediatrics' report, people should _______to cope with the problem of food additives.
A.reduce the usage of food additives and establish new food protection system
B.update the food safety assessment program and check the approved chemicals again
C.improve the food additives regulatory system and retest all approved chemicals
D.try to avoid food additives in daily life and revise relevant rules on food additives
【小题2】Leonardo Trasande holds he view that food additives do more harm to children than adults because study shows ________.
A.children are more sensitive to what they eat and drink than adults
B.children usually eat and drink more unhealthy food than adults
C.children are just too young and weak to protect themselves
D.children's organs are easier to be damaged and hard to recover
【小题3】How many specific kinds of harmful effect caused by the additives are mentioned in the passage?
A.2.B.7.C.8.D.1.
2019·上海宝山·二模
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Following in the footsteps of Morgan Spurlock, who ate only McDonald’s food for one month in the film Super Size Me, an Australian man has undergone a sugar-heavy diet for 60 days to explore sugar’s effect on his health.

Within three weeks, the formerly healthy Gameau became moody and sluggish (迟钝的). A doctor gave him the shocking diagnosis: He was beginning to develop fatty liver disease. According to the Mayo Clinic, the most severe outcome for fatty liver disease is liver failure.

Gameau reportedly consumed 40 teaspoons of sugar per day, or slightly more than the average teenager worldwide. According to the American Heart Association (AHA), the average American consumes 20 teaspoons of sugar daily. The AHA’s daily recommendations for sugar consumption are 6 teaspoons for women and 9 teaspoons for men.

Doctors called Gameau’s mental functioning “unstable”, and the father-to-be reportedly put on nearly four inches of visceral (内脏的) fat around his waist. He was on the fast track to obesity. Gameau said his diet left him feeling hungry, no matter how much he ate. His final meal, which consisted of a juice, a jam sandwich, a bar, and a handful of other snacks, is similar to an ordinary child’s school lunchbox. Gameau wrote on his blog. “The last meal is for all the people out there, especially parents, who are led to believe they are doing the right and healthy thing for their children. They are making an effort, yet they are horribly cheated by the lack of integrity in marketing and packaging strategies.”

Gameau told News.com.au that the experiment’s findings don’t suggest a need to completely cut sugar, but rather a need for more awareness about how much sugar has been added to healthy food.

【小题1】What can we learn about Gameau from Paragraph 2?
A.He became mentally unstable after trying the diet.
B.He had complicated personality before he tried the diet.
C.He developed liver failure in the end because of the diet.
D.He knew the harm of the diet well at the very beginning.
【小题2】What do the figures mentioned in Paragraph 3 mainly tell us?
A.Men usually consume more sugar than women.
B.Teenagers worldwide consume too much sugar.
C.Americans consume the most sugar in the world.
D.Adults should consume more sugar than teenagers do.
【小题3】By comparing Gameau’s final meal to an ordinary child’s school lunchbox, the writer wants to show that ________.
A.school children often feel hungry at school
B.parents know very well what their children need to eat
C.schools attach great importance to children’s diet
D.school children aren’t eating healthily at school
【小题4】What does the underlined word “integrity” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A.Observation.B.Trust.C.Honesty.D.Patience.

Pollution is a disaster for the soil. When chemicals go into the ground, they slowly reduce the fertility of the soil and make it unsuitable for farming. They may also change the structure of the     soil , which gets more easily destroyed by water and air.

For ordinary consumers, the influence of soil pollution can be felt most strongly in the supermarket. Exposure( 暴 露 ) to soil pollution can pollute foods grown in the field, harming people’s health.

One example of this is the “ poisonous rice event” that surfaced in 2013. Some rice from Hunan province was found to contain higher levels of cadmium(镉), a kind of metal likely to cause cancer, because Hunan has some of the worst soil pollution in China, according to CBC News. All the samples collected from this area were heavily polluted by cadmium. Sometimes, the cadmium level is 20 times higher than the national standard.

According to scientists, high levels of cadmium have been linked to organ( 器官) failure,weakening of bones and cancer. “ Cadmium is likely to store up in the kidney and liver,” Chen Nengchang, a scholar at the Guangdong Institute of Eco-environment and Soil Sciences, told The New York Times. “ When the amount reaches a certain point, it will cause a serious health risk for the organs.”

Unfortunately, fixing the problem was not as simple as destroying a few piles of rice. Since the outer covering of rice are often used to feed farm animals, the meat we eat and the milk we drink may both be at risk.

Luckily both the government and Chinese consumers have becomes more and more aware of this kind of pollutions, and aim to fight the situation with combined effort. There are many things we, as individual, can do to help. Eating organic foods are one of them.

Organic food is not only better for our health but also for our environment, especially the soil. To grow organic food, farmers stop using all artificial chemicals------including fertilizers, and pesticides. This production method does not cause any risk of soil pollution, unlike traditional   farming, which uses tons of artificial chemicals. By consuming organic foods, we support healthier soil.

【小题1】Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the influence of soil pollution?
A.The production of the crops will decrease greatly.
B.The soil will be poor in quality and improper for farming.
C.The foods grown in the polluted field harm people’s health.
D.The soil will become more easily destroyed by water and air.
【小题2】What happened to the rice from Hunan province in 2013?
A.It caused cancer or death.
B.Some contained more vitamins.
C.It was reported as an advertisement.
D.Some had higher levels of cadmium.
【小题3】The underlined “ the problem” in paragraph 5 refers to        .
A.the polluted soilB.the failing organC.the poisonous riceD.the sick farm animals.
【小题4】What can be learned about organic food according to the text?
A.The government has realized the importance of it.
B.It is good for both our health and the environment.
C.Its production method is easier than the traditional one.
D.Farmers used fewer fertilizers and pesticides when growing it.

Kids who like noodles are in luck in Italy. School lunch almost always begins with a "primo" of pasta-think penne(意大利面食)with tomatoes and cheese. That's typically followed by a protein-packed main dish, such as roasted chicken, accompanied by a veggie side. Finally, there's dessert, usually fruit. But what if kids would rather eat a homemade sandwich?

That question became the basis of the "Sandwich Case". This is a legal fight started by a group of parents who had gotten fed up with the price and quality of school meals. Italy's top court settled the matter:Families do not have the right to send food to school. The main problem the judges have with lunchboxes is that they can create divisions.

Each nation has its own take on how to handle the meaty issue of feeding students. In Australia, for example, many schools don't have a cafeteria. And, of course, packing a school lunch to take to school is as American as apple pie. However, more American kids would be better off with school lunch for their parents think cafeteria meals are healthier than what an average parent packs.

Students in low-income families qualify for free or reduced-price meals. So there can be a stigma around who's participating, meaning kids without a lunchbox can feel singled out for being poor. One way to avoid that problem is providing meals to everyone for free. In Sweden, where students chow down on a hot main dish and their pick of vegetables from a salad bur, no one needs lunch money.

The country with a system most similar to Italy's is its neighbor. France, where kids are expected to eat their school's multi-course meals, with almost no exceptions. "It's for a healthy diet, but also for cultural aspects and pleasure, "says Florent Vieux, general director of the French research group MS Nutrition. "When my son doesn't want carrots for the starter, he doesn't eat. At the beginning it's difficult, "he says. "Then day after day, he eats more carrots because he knows he has no other choice."

【小题1】Why did Italy's top court reject the parents' appeal?
A.It may result in unfairness.
B.The lunchboxes lack nutrients.
C.It is strongly objected by schools.
D.The homemade food has limited variety.
【小题2】Which country supports lunchboxes?
A.Italy.B.America.
C.Sweden.D.Australia.
【小题3】Which of the following words can replace “stigma”?
A.feeling of prideB.feeling of happiness
C.feeling of uniquenessD.feeling of shame
【小题4】What attitude does Florent Vieux have towards school's meals?
A.Indifferent.B.Supportive.
C.Concerned.D.Negative.

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