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While the increase in the number of unemployed Americans has been a focus of economists throughout the pandemic, another problem has been mostly overlooked: The people that do have jobs are calling out sick in record numbers.

Unlike the jobless rate, which has declined noticeably, the rate of absenteeism (旷工) has remained stubbornly high. More than 1.9 million people missed work in December, according to Labor Department data. Michael Gapen, chief US economist, says although vaccinations could start driving down absenteeism, the missed work is causing supply chain problems. “Absenteeism could lead to shortages; it could lead to higher prices and more limited output,” he says.

The problem is so acute that companies are lobbying local authorities to get their workers near the front of the line for vaccinations. “There are instances of having to shut down lines at various points in time in order to manage the absenteeism,” says Geoff Freeman, a chief executive officer.

According to the Institute for Supply Management, factory activities increased in December, with the employment returning to a level that indicates growth. However, one complaint is that suppliers are still struggling with their own employee shortages, which is causing supply problems. “The quantity of infections and the quantity of people who are sick or having to self-quarantine (自我隔离) are just so overwhelming that everybody has to be affected by it,” Timothy Fiore, said on a Jan. 5 call with reporters.

For office workers, 90% of professionals said before the pandemic they'd sometimes go to work sick. COVID-19, however, contributes to the fact that more employees are staying home to protect themselves and others.

“We know when the absenteeism will end, and that's when we get the vaccine in people's arms,” says a manager. But a lack of federal leadership means “this is the Wild West right now, and we see the results of that.”

【小题1】What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about absenteeism?
A.Its root causes.B.Its major consequences.
C.Its future development.D.Its economic values.
【小题2】Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “lobbying” in paragraph 3?
A.Persuading.B.Cheating.
C.Informing.D.Predicting.
【小题3】What can we say about America’s absent workers?
A.They complain about their working conditions.
B.They call out sick because of their mental pressure.
C.They struggle with the supply shortages.
D.They are largely impacted by the pandemic.
【小题4】What can be inferred from the text?
A.There are more jobless workers than the absent ones.
B.Supply chain problems are causing absenteeism.
C.All people aren’t satisfied with the federal government.
D.Workers won’t return to work even if they are vaccinated.
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Children are a delight. They are our future. But sadly, hiring someone to take care of them when you're going to work is getting more expensive by the year.

Earlier this month it was reported that the cost of involving an infant or small kid at a childcare centre rose 3 percent in 2012, faster than the general cost of living. There are now large strips of the country where daycare(日托)for an infant costs more than 10%of the average married couples' income.

This is not necessarily a new trend, but it is somewhat puzzling me. The price of professional childcare has been rising since the 1980s. Yet during that time, pay for professional childcare workers has stood still Actually caregivers(护理员)earn less today than they did in 1990. Considering that labor costs are responsible for about 80% of a daycare center's expenses, one would infer that stable wages means stable prices.

So who is to blame for higher child care costs?

Childcare is a carefully regulated industry. States lay down rules about how many children each employee is allowed to watch over, the space care centers need per child, and other details. And the stricter the regulations are, the higher the costs will be. In Massachusetts. where childcare centers must hire one teacher for every three infants, the price of care averaged more than $ 16,000 per year. In Mississippi, where centers must hire one teacher for every five infants, the price of care averaged less than $ 5,000.

Unfortunately, I don't have all the daycare center regulations, but I wouldn't be surprised if as the rules. have become more complicated, prices have risen. The tradeoff (交换)might be worth it in certain cases, after all, the health and safety of children should probably come before cheap service. But certainly, it doesn't seem to be an accident that some of the cheapest daycare available is in the least regulated South.

【小题1】What problem do parents of small kids have to face?
A.The ever-rising child care prices.B.The budgeting of family expenses
C.The balance between work and family.D.The selection of a good daycare center.
【小题2】What does the author feel puzzled about?
A.Why the prices of child care vary greatly from state to state
B.Why increased child care prices have not led to better service.
C.Why childcare workers' pay has not increased with the rising childcare costs.
D.Why there is a severe shortage of childcare professionals in a number of states.
【小题3】What prevents child care centers from saving money?
A.Steady increase in labor costs.B.Strict government regulations.
C.Lack of support from the stateD.High administrative expenses.
【小题4】What is the author's view on a daycare service?
A.Caregivers should receive regular professional training.
B.Less complicated rules about childcare might lower costs.
C.It is vital to strike a balance between quality and costs.
D.It is better for different States to learn from each other.

“A novel, like a letter should be loose, cover much ground, run swiftly, take risk of morality and decay,” Saul Bellow once wrote. Like many novelists, in his spare time the author of The Adventures of Augie March was also an enthusiastic letter writer.

A selection of Bellow’s huge correspondence, reproduced in a recent issue of the New Yorker, provides a fascinating insight into the writer’s character. Witty, often brief and almost always entertaining, Bellow’s letters are a reminder of why writers’ letters often prove so popular with readers. At their best, literary letters have something for everyone: general readers get a glimpse of how authors write when freed from the expectation to produce a work of conventional literary worth, and scholars get enough scholarly writings.

All this is well and good—except for one small problem: nobody writes letters anymore, at least not the kind of intellectual, humorous letters that distinguish great correspondence. As we are so often told, we live in the digital age. Like the rest of us, authors now largely correspond with their agents, friends, and occasionally, fans through email, not “snail mail”.   

As literary vehicles, emails are severely lacking. Digital messages tend to alternate between the deathly dull and formal and the casually daring complete with BTW, LOLs and unclear text—speak with little middle ground. Letters can be revealing, friendly, humorous; emails, even at their best, tend to exhibit only one of these characteristics of good writing.

Future literary archivists (档案管理员) will need to be digital experts, hacking through hard drives and email accounts, mobile phones, in their attempts to fully document the lives and thoughts of their subjects. But who among us has all their email correspondence from the past five years, let alone a lifetime? Hardware is disposed (废弃) of and forgotten about; mobile phones are replaced every few years. The idea that we can construct a complete record of a writer has always been unrealistic, but technological advances have made it physically impossible, too. With so much material digitalized, and often wiped, writers will no longer leave behind boxes suffered with letters, ripe for investigation and possible publication.

Back in 1898, the New York Times named the long-dead Lord Byron the greatest letter writer in the English language, celebrating his letters’ humor, the force and spirit of their substance, the grace and purity of their style. Saul Bellow’s letters might not be remembered quite so fondly 70 years from now, but chances are that, by then, the entire genre of collected writers’ letters will have disappeared completely—leaving readers significantly poorer for their loss.

【小题1】Authors’ letters are often popular with readers probably because ______.
A.well-known magazines like New Yorker choose to publish them
B.authors write them with a specific audience in mind
C.not only are they scholarly, but they are also funny
D.readers can gain an insight into how the classics are created
【小题2】According to paragraphs 3 and 4, one advantage of email over traditional letters is that _____.
A.email exhibits characteristics of good writing
B.email reaches its receivers much faster
C.email is full of variation alternating between “formal” and “casual”
D.email conveys clear messages with little ambiguous middle ground
【小题3】Why does the author mention future archivists work?
A.To illustrate that technological advances can contribute to greater literary loss.
B.To arouse readers’ interest in how digital property will be treated in the future.
C.To point out that it is impossible to document the life experience of a writer.
D.To warn that there will be no writers’ letters left for research.
【小题4】Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Exploring Literature through Letters.B.Well-Written “Letters”: Saul Bellow Shows Us How
C.The Dying Art of Letter WritingD.The Power of a Letter in the Digital Age
We are not who we think we are.
The American self-image is spread with the golden glow of opportunity.We think of the United States as a land of unlimited possibility,not so much a classless society but as a place where class is mutable—a place where brains,energy and ambition are what counts,not the circumstances of one's birth.
The Economic Mobility Project, an ambitious research led by Pew Charitable Trusts, looked at the economic fortunes of a large group of families over time, comparing the income of parents in the late 1960s with the income of their children in the late 1990s and early 2000s.Here is the finding: "The 'rags to riches' story is much more common in Hollywood than on Main Street. Only 6 percent of children born to parents with family income at the very bottom move to the top.
That is right, just 6 percent of children born to parents who ranked in the bottom of the study sample, in terms of income, were able to bootstrap their way into the top. Meanwhile, an incredible 42 percent of children born into that lowest are still stuck at the bottom,having been unable to climb a single rung of the income ladder.
It is noted that even in Britain---a nation we think of as burdened with a hidebound class system-children who are born poor have a better chance of moving up. When the studies were released,most reporters focused on the finding that African-Americans born to middle-class or upper middle-class families are earning slightly less,in inflation-adjusted dollars,than did their parents.
One of the studies indicates,in fact,that most of the financial gains white families have made in the past three decades can be attributed to the entry of white women into the labor force.This is much less true for African-Americans.
The picture that emerges from all the quintiles,correlations and percentages is of a nation in which,overall,"the current generation of adults is better off than the previous one",as one of the studies notes.
The median income of the families in the sample group was $55,600 in the late 1960s; their children's median family income was measured at $71,900.However,this rising tide has not lifted all boats equally.The rich have seen far greater income gains than have the poor.
Even more troubling is that our nation of America as the land of opportunity gets little support from the data.Americans move fairly easily up and down the middle rungs of the ladder,but there is "stickiness at the ends" —four out of ten children who are born poor will remain poor,and four out of ten who are born rich will stay rich.
【小题1】What did the Economic Mobility Project find in its research?
A.Children from low-income families are unable to bootstrap their way to the top.
B.Hollywood actors and actresses are upwardly mobile from rags to riches.
C.The rags to riches story is more fiction than reality.
D.The rags to riches story is only true for a small minority of whites.
【小题2】It can be inferred from the undertone of the writer that America,as a classless society,should ________.
A.perfect its self-image as a land of opportunity
B.have a higher level of upward mobility than Britain
C.enable African-Americans to have exclusive access to well-paid employment
D.encourage the current generation to work as hard as the previous generation
【小题3】Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A.The US is a land where brains,energy and ambition are what counts.
B.Inequality persists between whites and blacks in financial gains.
C.Middle-class families earn slightly less with inflation considered.
D.Children in lowest-income families manage to climb a single rung of the ladder.
【小题4】What might be the best title for this passage?
A.Social Upward Mobility.
B.Incredible Income Gains.
C.Inequality in Wealth.
D.America Not Land of Opportunity.

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