A study from the University of Montreal has found that watching ice hockey (冰球) greatly increases your heart rate. For television-watchers, the increase was an average 75%, while for those watching live it rose by 110%. This is equal, say the researchers, to running for 15 minutes.

Heart rates were highest during overtime and if there were scoring chances.

However, there is other research showing that watching football can stress the heart so much that it causes strokes (中风) and heart attacks. A study of German fans compared heart rates and blood pressure as they watched their country play in the World Cup. Both heart rate and blood pressure were raised when they watched their own team, and stayed higher for hours afterwards.

The Canadian study was conducted by an observation made by 13-year-old Leia Khairy; daughter of Prof Paul Khairy, the lead researcher. She noticed that while her own heart was beating wildly as she played soccer, the parents on the sidelines were jumping up and down energetically. But Paul Khairy states, “Watching an ice hockey game can’t be replaced by physical activity. It raises heart rate but does not carry the same benefits on cardiovascular (心血管的) health as exercise.

The study of German foot ball fans found that a stressful match more than doubled the risk of a heart attack or a stroke. So it may be that you need to be fit before you watch a sporting event, rather than hope it is equal to brief exercise. Studies have only shown a significant effect on men; and there is no correlation between a fan’s emotional connection with a team and the occurrence of a heart attack. The authors of the Canadian paper suggest that anyone watching an exciting game should take seriously ally symptoms (症状) such as chest pain or shortness of breath. .

Sleep is an important biological process for people and animals. But some mammals(哺乳动物)like the northern elephant seal, survive with much less sleep.

Researchers in a new study described the unusual sleep pattern of these ocean animals. They found that when these mammals go to feed on trips that can last seven months, they sleep just two hours. Those two hours of sleep are made up of short moments of rest lasting only 10 minutes each as they dive deep to avoid predators(天敌).

The seals’ sleep time during ocean trips is different from the 10 hours a day they spend sleeping on the coast during mating season at places like California’s Ano Nuevo beach.

The researchers placed a head covering with sensors(传感器)on the heads of the seals that they studied. The sensors recorded sleep signals created by the seals’ brains and heart rate. The sensors also recorded the animals’ location and depth beneath the sea. The researchers studied female seals because they go out on long open-ocean trips while males feed in coastal waters.

During dives lasting about 30 minutes, the seals went into a deep sleep called slow-wave sleep while keeping a controlled downward movement. When they then experienced rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, a condition where voluntary movement while sleeping stops, the seals fell into a turning pattern. They sometimes ended up without movement on the seafloor.

Terrie Williams, a scientist at the University of California who helped write the study, said, “It is remarkable that a wild animal will fall into deep REM sleep when there are predators on the hunt.” She added that the seals solve this problem by going into deep sleep in the deep parts of the oceans where predators usually do not hunt them.

There are multiple studies which demonstrate the relationship between learning and thriving. 【小题1】 According to a study by San Francisco State University, those who engage in formal education experience greater happiness and life satisfaction overall.

Learning empowers your self-confidence. Learning can be a source of self-confidence. When you know more, you can contribute your perspectives and expertise and ask questions about others’ views that build on a strong foundation of your own knowledge. 【小题2】

Learning builds motivation. By definition, learning requires you to realize you don’t already know it all and encourages you to try something new and fill in gaps of information. The 85% rule, confirmed by research at the University of Arizona, says if you never fail, you won’t be challenged to continue. 【小题3】 The sweet spot for motivation and learning is an 85% success and 15% failure rate.

Learning advances your career. Learning can be a pathway to something new and to reinventing your future. 【小题4】 In addition, greater skills and development of talents tend to pay off in promotions and pay. In a study by the Lumina Foundation, employees who took advantage of educational programs saw a 43% increase in wages.

【小题5】 According to a study by the University of Sussex, children have an academic advantage when their parents are more educated. In addition, the University of Illinois demonstrates more education tends to result in longer lifespans and greater economic achievements.