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Humans are emotional beings, showing feelings in our behavior and facial expressions. But whether these mean the same thing in different cultures has been hotly debated. Now a new study has found that in different social contexts, such as weddings, funerals and sports, people indeed show universal facial expressions.

For the new study, Alan Cowen’s team used a machine learning model, Deep Neural Network (DNN), to systematically analyze facial expressions in thousands of different contexts. These contexts come from more than six million videos uploaded to You Tube between July 2009 and May 2018 by people in 144 countries.

Facial expressions were rated by English speakers in India by selecting applicable emotions from a list of 31 labels, resulting in a total of 16 distinct facial expressions. Meanwhile, contexts were classified in a separate experiment. The results showed that people from different cultures share about 70% of the facial expressions used in response to different social and emotional situations.

“This supports Darwin’s theory that expressing emotions in our faces is universal among humans,” the study co-lead author Dacher Keltner said. “The physical display of our emotions may define who we are as a species, enhancing our communication and cooperation skills and ensuring our survival.”

However, Lisa Barrett, from the Northeastern University College of Science notes that the English speakers in India were given the emotional word ratings rather than labeling the expressions themselves. They used emotion labels such as “anger”, “fear” and “sadness” instead of descriptive terms, thereby inferring the emotions behind the expressions.

She further comments that the raters (评定者) saw the faces in contexts which can’t necessarily be separated from the emotions themselves, and that the key point is that the raters are from just one country. “The ultimate value of Cowen and his colleagues’ study might lie not in the answers it provides,” she concludes, “but in the opportunity for further discovery that it opens up.”

【小题1】What can we learn from the text?
A.The study is opposite to Darwin’s theory.
B.People in different cultures show similar facial expressions.
C.The team conducted the study by downloading facial expressions.
D.Facial expressions and contexts were classified in the same experiment.
【小题2】How did Alan Cowen’s team conduct the study?
A.By using a learning machine.
B.By uploading videos to YouTube.
C.By analyzing facial expressions.
D.By using emotion labels.
【小题3】What can we infer from Dacher Keltner’s words?
A.Social success is dependent on facial expressions.
B.Facial expressions have constantly changed over time.
C.Social skills reflect the ability of one’s expression management.
D.Facial expressions play a vital role in humans’ development.
【小题4】What is Lisa Barrett’s attitude towards the study?
A.Objective.B.Ambiguous.C.Critical.D.Contradictory.
22-23高三上·山东泰安·期末
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One of the hardest parts of living abroad is being away from your loved ones, especially your family. While my friends are so important to me, I’ve personally found it more difficult being away from family.

However, I was fortunate that my mum and sister recently found the time to see me. Both my sister and I have major birthdays this year as she's tuming 18 and I'll be 21. My sister is a very big music fan and this year, I created my status as the best older sister by keeping an eye out for music concerts in Paris. In our home town of Leicester, we don’t regularly get many well-known artists playing in our city. But in Paris, I managed to get the best 18th birthday present of all: tickets for all three of us to see my sister’s favorite American rapper, Angel Haze.

I will try to visit for my sister’s actual birthday in June, the chance for my sister and my mum to visit became a birthday treat. The experience of finding our way together to the   concert or getting to show them around the Paris sites such as the Eiffel Tower,the Arc du Triomphe and even my favorite ice cream place,Amorino, was an amazing memory for us all !Despite the fact that I felt the slight pressure to make sure the weekend went smoothly,even the heavy rain failed to dampen our mood.

Therefore, while it can be difficult being away from home and potentially missing big family moments,there are ways to avoid the sadness and find a way to make the best of your situation to create an unforgettable memory. Just like the continuing rain while we went up the Eiffel tower, every cloud has a silver lining, because then we got the funniest photos ever!

【小题1】What can be known about the author while living abroad?
A.She knew her friends were all homesick.
B.She realized friends were more important.
C.She somewhat missed her parents and siblings.
D.She knew she she do her best to study.
【小题2】What do you know about the author from the second paragraph?
A.She disliked the dull and dry life in her hometown.
B.She in fact loved music no less than her sister.
C.She thought American rapper was the most popular.
D.She showed deep love for her younger sister.
【小题3】What does the underlined word“dampen”mean in the passage?
A.Inspire.B.Damage.
C.Protect.D.Remind.
【小题4】How does the author describe herself in the passage?
A.She is easy to be homesick.
B.She is responsible for her family.
C.She has a positive attitude.
D.She is skilled in taking photos.
Here is a letter from the Los Angeles Lakers icon Kobe Bryant on The Players' Tribune website on November 30th.
“...This season is all I have left to give. My heart can take the pounding(重击).My mind can han-dle the grind(苦差事)but my body knows it's time to say goodbye-.-"
“Kobe Bryant is one of the greatest players in the history of our game. Whether competing in the Fi-nals or hoisting jump shots after midnight in an empty gym,   Kobe has an unconditional love for the game.
I join Kobe's millions of' fans around the world in congratulating him on an outstanding NBA career and thank him for so many thrilling memories.”
——Adam Silver, NBA commissioner(总裁)
“We're all sad. This era of Lakers basketball has been one of the most fun, exciting prosperous eras we could imagine. We're in full support of him. But it's still very sad.”
——Jeanie Buss, Lakers president
“I know his purpose is to finish out this season and play. It's always sad when greatness decides to hang it up" 'I thought he had at least another year in him.”
——Byron Scott, Lakers coach, and Bryant's teammate during the 1996-97 season
¨He pushed me to be better more than any player I've faced. Kobe is the greatest competitor I have ever faced. I am glad he has found peace. I don't know if we'll see another one like him.”
——Shane Battier, of the Miami Heat
“Hard to believe @ kobe bryant is finally going to hang it up. One of the NBA's great champions. En-joy the rest of this season, my friend.”
——Scottie Pippen, retired NBA All-Star
【小题1】What can we learn from Kobe Bryant's letter?
A.He has lost passion for basketball.
B.He'll return to basketball court soon. .
C.He'll finish this season before he retires.
D.He'll retire immediately after the letter.
【小题2】According to Byron Scott, _      .
A.Kobe has an unconditional love for basketball
B.Kobe is supposed to play at least for another year
C.Lakers team has played very well this year
D.it is difficult to find another player like Kobe
【小题3】Where can we most probably read the comments?
A.From an Internet page.B.In a newspaper.
C.In a sports magazine.D.In a TV program.

The International Day of Happiness, falling on March 20 every year, serves to remind people of the significance of happiness. 【小题1】 Experts in various fields hold different answers to them.

Sally Lyubomirsky, a researcher of positive psychology, provides a clear description of happiness. 【小题2】 combined with a sense that one’s life is good, meaningful and worthwhile.

People’s levels of subjective (主观的) happiness are influenced by both internal factors and external factors, according to the authors of the book Culture and Psychology. 【小题3】 These include their natural personality traits, the quality of their relationships with others, the society they are a part of, and their ability to meet their basic needs.

【小题4】 In an article published on Iran Public Health, three researchers show how twin studies have suggested that genetic factors count for 35-50 percent of happiness. The study also mentioned two genes that may have an effect on happiness, which may help explain the genetic base of happiness in the future.

From the perspective of economics, Ted Pettinger, said that factors affecting happiness can include income, quality of work and quality of consumption. Among them, proper income is key. He believes that at low levels of income, increasing income is generally agreed to increase happiness as it allows a person to buy necessary goods and services such as health care and education. 【小题5】

The truth is that happiness itself is different for everyone, so everyone defines it differently and pursues it in a variety of ways.

A.Several important factors contribute to a person’s happiness.
B.In general, happiness is significant to people.
C.With the income, people can have the food, shelter and necessary education.
D.According to her, happiness can be described as the experience of joy or positive well-being,
E.However, after certain income levels, rising income contributes little to overall happiness.
F.More than that, experts in medical fields found that genes might influence happiness.
G.But what exactly is happiness and how can one achieve it?

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