The heart of Gandhi’s nonviolence was love, in the spiritual form of the word. In the face of racist British rule, Gandhi so loved his opponents that he refused to take up arms against them. But Gandhi was not 【小题1】 his critics. Some observers said he was lucky that the British were the ones colonizing India, as they were tolerate of the Indians’ opposition. They also questioned 【小题2】 racist American whites would allow similar disobedience of the law. Martin Luther King was willing to take a chance, at least in America and the answer was yes.

For King, nonviolence was 【小题3】 but passive. “Nonviolent resistance is not a method of cowardice,” he said. “It does resist. It is not a method of stagnant passivity. The nonviolent resister is just as opposed to the evil as the violent resister, but he resists without violence.”

What did King mean by nonviolence? It meant 【小题4】(organize) thousands across the South in specific mass actions that would force face-to-face encounters with white, racist power. Doing so, King said, 【小题5】(demonstrate) both the powerlessness of white violence and show the country that the black community was not afraid to fight for its rights. For King, responding to violence in kind would show the weakness of the black community, not its strength.

Nonviolence would also strengthen the activist community through 【小题6】 (share) suffering and struggle. This experience would expand outward to involve the black community broadly and, King hoped, all Americans in what he called “the beloved community”.

Of course, King also understood the practical reasons for nonviolence. Given that blacks were a minority, and 【小题7】 Southern whites often had the power of the local and state police behind them, violence was a dead end. Even demonstrating the possibility of a violent response would provoke a massive backlash, potentially 【小题8】(destroy) the civil rights movement. And it would spoil 【小题9】 good will the movement was building in the national community, and especially in Washington, 【小题10】 King and other leaders hoped to see federal civil rights legislation.

Buckingham Palace has announced that Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, has died at the age of 99.

"His Royal Highness passed 【小题1】 peacefully this morning at Windsor Castle." said a statement issued 【小题2】 behalf of the royal family. "【小题3】 (far) announcements will be made in due course. The Royal Family join with people around the world in mourning his【小题4】 (lose)."

Prince Philip 【小题5】 (marry) to Queen Elizabeth II for 73 years, during 【小题6】 time he accompanied her on her duties around the United Kingdom and the world, a 1986 trip to China 【小题7】 (include). 【小题8】 (addition), Prince Philip attended more than 22,000 activities and visited abroad 637 times alone.

Earlier this year, Prince Philip spent four weeks in hospital after suffering from 【小题9】 infection and undergoing treatment for a pre-existing heart condition.

His death will be marked by a period of public mourning, with 【小题10】 (detail) of the funeral to be announced at a later date.

Nelson Mandela was born in 1918 in Mvezo， South Africa. His father was chief of Mvezo，【小题1】influence on Nelson was huge. Later， Nelson became a civil rights leader in South Africa. Having【小题2】（contribute） to South Africa， he won the respect from South Africa and the whole world.

Nelson Mandela was a great activist. After finishing【小题3】（learn） law in the college， he joined the Africa National Congress in his【小题4】（twenty）. All his life Nelson fought【小题5】apartheid （种族隔离） and helped many Africans， but his contribution【小题6】（treat） as an act of terrorism then. The African government sent him to prison for 27 years. Once set free from prison， he continued to make efforts【小题7】（end） apartheid. To Nelson，【小题8】he wanted was that all people would enjoy human rights【小题9】（equal） in South Africa. Eventually， he won the【小题10】（elect） and served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.