El Nino, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nino sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.

The weather effects both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Nino, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Nino in 1997 helped American’s economy grow by 15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvest, farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural in rich countries in growth than the fall in poor ones.

But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought (干旱）in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Nino may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.

The most recent powerful Nino, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Ninos come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.

Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施）can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道）make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Nino’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.

Basic first aid is a very valuable skill to have when going on a camping trip. 【小题1】.

Cuts. With small cuts, you need to be careful to keep the area of the wound clean to avoid getting infected. Treat the cut with first aid cream to prevent infection. 【小题2】, raise the wounded area above the heart and place pressure on the area to stop the bleeding. Apply some cream and cover the wound with a dry, clean bandage. It should be held in place with tape, but should not be too tight.

Blisters (水疱). Blisters can turn a fun walk in the woods into a terrible experience. They are an open wound and can get infected if not cared for. 【小题3】. Make sure that you pack different size bandages and first aid cream.

Sprains. If you have got a heavy pack on your shoulders, it can be very easy to twist your ankles. Walking sticks can be a traveler’s friend. 【小题4】. A good ACE bandage should be packed in case of a sprained ankle. This can help fix the sprained area until you can get medical attention.

【小题5】, it’s also helpful to pack a small basic first aid kit for your trip. Make sure that you include items that are unique to you and fit your environment (bleeding, bruise, snake bite, etc.).

A map is our only guide when we lose our way in an entirely different area. It helps us find the easiest way to our destination(目的地).

【小题1】 A map can be topographic(地形的)maps, road maps, etc. Topographical maps are about the topography of a place, while road maps help show the possible roads between different stations. A road map also informs the readers about how far the two stations are away from. 【小题2】 A brief knowledge related to maps is necessary for every traveler.

【小题3】 Before looking for a place on a map, make sure that you choose the right map. For example, if you're using your car for traveling, you should consult a road map, but if you're interested in checking out different tourist attractions, you can refer to a tourist map.

【小题4】 For this you can check out for landmarks(地标) that are listed on the map. The landmark could be anything, right from a river to a building.

Now the next thing to do is find out your destination. 【小题5】 But if you have many places to visit, then you have to find out a way that you can visit all the destinations in shortest possible manner. You can start by going to the nearest location first and further after that. And in this way you won't lose your way!