Facebook has developed a kind of AI (人工智能) translating between any pair of 100 languages without depending on first translating to English.
Facebook’s system was trained on a data set of 7.5 billion sentence pairs collected from the web across 100 languages, though not all the languages had an equal number of sentence pairs. “What I was really interested in was cutting out English as a middle man. Globally there are plenty of countries where they speak two languages that aren’t English,” says Angela Fan of Facebook AI, who led the work.
For some language pairs, the new system shows prominent improvements in translation quality. For example, translating from Spanish to Portuguese is extremely strong because Spanish is the second-most spoken first language worldwide, meaning the researchers can get a lot of data. Translation between English and Belarusian (白俄罗斯语) also is improved because the AI can translate Russian into English, which shares similarities with Belarusian.
While the system isn’t in use on the social network site, Facebook plans to put it to work soon to manage the 20 billion translations made every day when people click “Translate” on posts (帖子) written in more than 160 languages. “Future work will be done on other languages,” says Fan, “especially for languages where we don’t have a lot of data, like South-East Asian and African languages.”
The work “breaks away from the English-centric models and tries to build more different models,” says Shelia Castilho of the ADAPT Centre at Dublin City University, Ireland. “That’s pretty new and different. But it’s hard to know if the AI does a right translation work,” says Castilho. “The users may not know the other language, so they cannot judge the correctness of the translation.”
【小题1】What’s Angela Fan’s purpose of doing the research?A.To collect data of all kinds of people. |
B.To make learning different languages easier. |
C.To achieve her dream of becoming a translator. |
D.To avoid using English as a middle man in translation. |
A.There is much data on Spanish. |
B.Portuguese is similar to Spanish. |
C.Researchers have a good knowledge of the two languages. |
D.Spanish is spoken by the largest number of people. |
A.The safety of AI translation. | B.The correctness of AI translation. |
C.The way of using Facebook. | D.The number of posts on the website. |
A.Facebook AI Can Talk with the Users |
B.Facebook Wants to Buy a New System |
C.Facebook AI Can Translate Any Pair of 100 Languages |
D.Facebook Has Lost Many Users |
The Korean culture wave has swept through the editorial offices of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), which has added more than 20 new words of Korean origin to its latest edition.
The new words include hallyu, the Korean original for the wave of pop culture that has made BTS one of the world’s most popular bands and Squid Game the Netflix sensation of 2021. The dictionary defines it as the increase in international interest in South Korea and its popular culture, esp. as represented by the global success of South Korean music, film, television, fashion, and food.
But as the dictionary’s new additions make clear, there is much more to Korean cuisine than its spicy staple kimchi, which appeared in the OED as long ago as 1976. New food-related entries include bulgogi, thin slices of beef or pork, and chimaek, Korean-style fried chicken and beer.
Traditional culture is represented by hanbok, formal costumes worn by both men and women, and Hangul, the Korean alphabet (字母表) created by King Sejong in 1443.
Aegyo, a certain kind of cuteness or charm considered characteristically Korean, and similar to the Japanese word kawaii, has been included as both a noun and adjective. There is room, too, for mukbang, or livestreams of people eating extraordinary amounts of food while talking to the online audience.
The inclusion of “skinship” is more surprising. Commonly used in South Korea, where it is translated as seukinsip, and in Japan (sukinshippu), it captures the emotional bond that comes from close physical contact between a parent and child, lovers and friends, the dictionary said.
“The adoption and development of these Korean words in English demonstrate how lexical (词汇的) innovation is no longer restricted to the traditional centres of English in the United Kingdom and the United States,” the OED said.“They show how Asians in different parts of the continent invent and exchange words within their own local contexts, then introduce these words to the rest of the English-speaking world, thus allowing the Korean wave to continue to ripple on the sea of English words.”
【小题1】Why does the OED’s latest edition include new Korean words?A.The Korean culture is gaining global influence. |
B.The previous edition of the OED is out of fashion. |
C.The OED wants to advertise Korean pop products. |
D.The old additions have given way to the new ones. |
A.Aegyo. | B.Hanbok. |
C.Bulgogi. | D.Mukbang. |
A.Transforms. | B.Ruins. |
C.Establishes. | D.Represents. |
A.Korean dominates the Asian cultures. |
B.Innovative words are limited to English. |
C.The Korean wave will impact more on English. |
D.Korean and English words are interchangeable. |
Language gives us the power to describe countless actions, properties and relations that compose our experiences, real or imagined. As for how languages were created, scientists found iconicity might play a key role.
People can’t bridge language gap and understand each other without iconicity. When playing a game of charades (猜字谜) , we act out our meaning, using our hands and bodies to describe the sizes and shapes of objects. The key to this process of forming new symbols is the use of iconicity. Not limited to gesturing, iconicity appears in our visual communication too. Traffic signs, food packaging, maps. . . wherever there are people communicating, you will find iconicity.
According to our research, iconicity might also exist in our voices. We organized a contest in which we invited contestants to record a set of sounds to express different meanings. The winner of the contest was determined by how well listeners could guess the intended meanings of the sounds based on a set of written options. Critically, the sounds that contestants submitted couldn’t include actual words or onomatopoeias (拟声词) .
Listeners were remarkably good at interpreting the meanings of the sounds. Yet, all of the contestants and listeners were speakers of English. Thus, it was possible that listeners’ success relied on some cultural knowledge that they shared with the speakers. Did the listeners also understand the speakers from completely different cultural backgrounds?
Later, an Internet survey translated into 25 different languages was carried out. Participants listened to each sound from the English speakers and guessed the meaning by choosing from six written words. Guessing accuracy for the different groups ranged from 74 percent for English speakers to 34 percent for Portuguese speakers. It is far from perfect, but well above the chance rate of eight percent expected by us.
Taken together, these studies show that our capacity for iconic communication has played a critical role. Without this special talent, language would likely never have gotten off the ground.
【小题1】Which of the following can explain “iconicity” ?A.A skill in foreign language learning. | B.The process of acting out our meanings. |
C.The connection between form and meaning. | D.A barrier between different language speakers. |
A.It required sounds containing meanings. | B.Its winners were creative in recordings. |
C.It aimed to prove iconicity in words. | D.Its entries were familiar to listeners. |
A.English pronunciations differ. | B.The research has a limitation. |
C.The cultural gap is narrowing. | D.Listening skills vary in cultures. |
A.Clarifying the influence of sounds. | B.Proving the necessity of exchanges. |
C.Uncovering the origin of languages. | D.Identifying the function of gestures. |
For you who dream of studying abroad, you' re probably thinking it'll be an easy transition. From my personal experience, I can tell you that it is much fun, but certainly not easy.
You may feel like an outsider. Regardless of what country you' re going to, you may find yourself wondering why everyone's laughing when you don't realize someone has told a joke.
You have to overcome the language barrier. Even if you're studying in a country where you speak the same language, there're still strong local accents and slang phrases (俚语) to clear.
There' re cultural misunderstandings for you to deal with. As a foreigner, you don't know the local culture.
A.Don't let this discourage you. |
B.You' re far from your support network. |
C.In fact, there are many challenges of studying abroad. |
D.You'll make mistakes, and many may be embarrassing. |
E.Living abroad is wonderful when everything is going well. |
F.So the words students use are going to be difficult to learn. |
G.You should know that you can work out those problems by yourself. |
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