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From Mozart to Metallica, tons of people enjoy listening to various types of music while they paint, write, or draw. Many believe that music helps increase creativity, but an international study done by English and Swedish researchers is challenging that notion. Their findings show that music actually prevents creativity.

To come to their conclusions, researchers had participants complete verbal problems designed to inspire creativity while sitting in a quiet room, and then again while music played in the background. They found that background music “significantly damaged” the participants' ability to complete tasks connected with verbal creativity. The research team also tested background noises such as those commonly heard in a library, but found that such noises had no effect on participants' creativity.

The tasks were simple word games. For example, participants were given three words, such as dress, dial, and flower. Then, they were asked to find a single word connected with all three that could be combined to form a common phrase or word. The single word, in this case, would be “sun” (sundress, sunflower, sundial). Participants completed the tasks in either a quiet room, or while listening to three different types of music; music with unfamiliar lyrics, instrumental music, or music with familiar lyrics.

“We found strong evidence of damaged performance when playing background music in comparison to quiet background conditions,” says co-author Dr. McLatchie of Lancaster University. Dr. McLatchie and his colleagues conclude that music(even familiar music with well-known lyrics) damages the verbal working memory processes of the brain, blocking creativity. Also, as far as the library background noises having seemingly no effect, the study's authors believe that was the case because library noises create a “steady state” environment that doesn't affect concentration.

“To conclude, the findings here challenge the popular view that music strengthens creativity, and instead show that music, regardless of its types, consistently damage creative performance in problem solving,” the study reads.

【小题1】What does the underlined word “notion” in Paragraph 1 mean?
A.Suggestion.B.Principle.C.Opinion.D.Theory.
【小题2】How many background conditions were created for the participants?
A.2.B.3.C.4.D.5.
【小题3】What’s the purpose of the study about music?
A.To prove that music is beneficial to health.
B.To test whether music is helpful for creativity or not.
C.To make it known that music can improve memory.
D.To indicate why background music in a library is popular.
【小题4】Which of the following is actually damaged by background music?
A.Concentration.B.Hearing ability.C.Environment.D.Patience.
21-22高一上·新疆乌鲁木齐·阶段练习
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American country music is also known as country western music. It has a very long history. It comes from the folk songs of immigrants (移民) from Britain.

Country music uses simple music and words to express everyday feelings such as loneliness, love, and sadness. That is to say, country music describes life. It talks about friends and enemies, trucks and roads, farm and crops. People in many parts of the world like country music, because everyone can understand what the music is about.

Country western music became popular first among cowboys (牛仔) in the American west countryside. Cowboys had to take care of cows day and night. When they were alone with the cows, they often sang beautiful and peaceful songs to calm the animals and to overcome their own fear. They were not well-educated and so they sang about their daily life in very simple words. They played guitars, violins and other instruments. In the south of America, many people added instruments from their homes, like bottles and spoons. When cowboys visited their friends and families on holidays like Thanksgiving, they usually sang and played country western music. 

In recent years, many musicians have made country western music a little different from the one in the past. These changes make the songs sound even better. Today singers such as Carth Brooks, Reba McEntire, Emmylou Harris, Lyle Lovett, Eddie Rabbitt, LeAnn Rimes, Randy Travis and a group called Alabama are singing and playing in different styles. They have brought country western music more and more fans from all over the world.

【小题1】According to the passage, people like American country music because    .
A.it has a long history
B.it comes from Europe
C.it is sung by cowboys
D.it is easy to understand
【小题2】The underlined words “calm the animals” here mean “make the animals become    ”.
A.sad and lonely
B.quiet and relaxed
C.angry and wild
D.upset and scared
【小题3】Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?
A.Early immigrants lived a very simple life.
B.Many country music singers are not well-educated.
C.Cowboys usually played country western music on holidays.
D.In the west of America, cowboys added instruments from their homes.
【小题4】The best title for the passage is    .
A.Americans Love American Country Music
B.The History of American Country Music
C.Singers and Fans of American Country Music
D.All Kinds of American Music, Yesterday and Today

Nadine McKenzie, a 35-year-old wheelchair dancer in South Africa, has experienced great difficulty since he took up dancing as a hobby. He said that access is the biggest barrier for entering the performing arts. “There are not many companies or training programs for persons with disabilities, especially in the dance field,” McKenzie said. “I’ve had quite a few experiences where you’d be in a class with different people and some trainers would not know what to do with us, and so for those reasons, they don’t open these spaces to different artists.”

Beyond lack of access, McKenzie, who’s been dancing for 15 years, said inclusion(认同) is another barrier for people with disabilities. “There are very few people especially in South Africa that actually have projects where they involve dancers with disabilities,” he added. “It's something that’s still very difficult, but it’s slowly starting to change.”

Seeing a gap in the industry, McKenzie founded Unmute with his friends in 2013, a dance company in Cape Town that enlists young South Africans with disabilities to get involved in the arts. “It's been extremely rewarding in the sense that we’ve been able to create more platforms for artists to train and perform, and also expose more young people,” he said. McKenzie believes Unmute is helping break down some of these barriers through awareness campaigns not just for people with disabilities to sign up, but also for able-bodied people to learn how to work with them.

Gerard Samuel, a professor at the University of Cape Town told CNN that though there has been some progress in both access and inclusion within dance, there is still much work to be done. “Barriers include mindsets of limitation and inability of disabled persons,” he said. All this still need to change. He believes that education, investment and more representation in the media would help encourage more accessibility and inclusion.

【小题1】What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?
A.Inclusion is the biggest barrier for dancers with disabilities.
B.It's challenging for disabled people to get involved in dance.
C.Nadine McKenzie began to dance when he was 15 years old.
D.Most projects in South Africa involve dancers with disabilities.
【小题2】Which word can best describe McKenzie?
A.Cold-heartedB.HumorousC.StubbornD.Caring
【小题3】What can we infer from the passage?
A.Unmute benefited both people with disabilities and able-bodied ones.
B.McKenzie founded a dance company all by himself.
C.Little progress in both access and inclusion has been made.
D.Unmute only created platforms for artists to train and perform.
【小题4】According to Gerard Samuel, ______can help encourage accessibility and inclusion.
A.education and investmentB.mindsets of limitation
C.less representation in the mediaD.inability of disabled persons.

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