Imagine swimming in a lake on a hot summer day. The water is quite warm, but the wind is strong and the moment you leave the water you feel chilly and get “goosebumps (鸡皮疙瘩) ”. So you change clothes and move inside to warm up. You make a nice cup of tea, get under a blanket and turn on the radio. Suddenly, you hear a song from a long time ago, one that your grandmother often sang to you when you were a child.
Goosebumps are a physiological phenomenon we got from our animal ancestors. They are tiny elevations of the skin that look like the skin of children or geese after the feathers have been pulled off.
Goosebumps are caused by a contraction (收缩) of muscles that are attached to each hair. Each contracting muscle creates a shallow depression (凹陷) on the skin surface. As a result, the surrounding area stands out.
In addition to cold, the hair will also stand up in many animals when they feel threatened.
The reason for all these responses is the subconscious release of adrenaline (肾上腺素). It is often released when we feel cold or afraid, but also if we are under stress and feel strong emotions. Other signs of adrenaline release include sweaty palms, an increase in blood pressure, a racing heart or the feeling of “butterflies” in the stomach.
A.Therefore we could also call them “turkeybumps” or “duckbumps.” |
B.Again, you feel a chill on your back and again, you get goosebumps. |
C.The contraction also causes the hair to stand up whenever the body feels cold. |
D.When a cat is attacked by a dog, for example, the elevated hair makes the cat appear bigger. |
E.Adrenaline not only causes the contraction of skin muscles but also influences many other bodily reactions. |
F.It is something we inherited from our distant ancestors, though we don’t seem to benefit from the reaction much. |
The Maya loved cacao so much that they used the beans as currency. They also believed it is good for you — which many people still say today about cacao’s most famous byproduct, chocolate.
Flavanols may also boost insulin sensitivity, according to some studies, which might be helpful in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes (糖尿病).
What these findings mean for chocolate is limited, however. Participants would have had to eat multiple fat and sugar filled chocolate bars a day to source 500mg of flavanols.
A.Cacao contains hundreds of bioactive plant compounds, including flavanols, which have been associated with numerous possible health benefits. |
B.In 2022, Sesso and colleagues found compelling evidence for the benefits of flavanols. |
C.But the results aren’t conclusive. |
D.Spurred by chocolate’s popularity, numerous studies have explored bow the natural chemical compounds found in cocoa might be good for human health. |
E.All chocolates are definitely not created equal. |
F.But there’s still more research to be done to understand these effects. |
Rising Seas Will Erase More Cities by 2050, New Research Shows
Rising seas could affect three times more people by 2050 than previously thought, according to new research, threatening to all but erase some of the world's great coastal cities.
The authors of a paper published on Tuesday developed a more accurate way of calculating land elevation based on satellite readings, and found that the previous numbers were far too optimistic. The new research shows that some 150 million people are now living on the land that will be below the high-tide line by mid-century. In Thailand, more than 10 percent of citizens now live on the land that is likely to be covered with water by 2050, compared with just 1 percent according to the earlier technique. The political and commercial capital, Bangkok, is particularly dangerous.
In other places, the migration caused by rising seas could cause or worsen regional conflicts. Basra, the second largest city in Iraq, could be mostly underwater by 2050. If that happens, the effects could be felt well beyond Iraq's borders, according to John Castellaw, a retired Marine Corps general.
“Further loss of land owing to rising waters there threatens to drive further social and political instability in the region, which could lead to armed conflicts again and increase the likelihood of terrorism,” said Castellaw, who is now on the advisory board of the Center for Climate and Security, a research and advocacy group in Washington. “So, this is far more than an environmental problem,” he said. “It's a humanitarian, security and possibly military problem too.”
【小题1】How many people will be threatened by 2050 according to the research?A.About 15 million. | B.About 50 million. |
C.About 150 million. | D.About 450 million. |
A.The migration caused rising seas. |
B.Basra could be entirely underwater by 2050. |
C.Rising seas could erase all the world's great coastal cities. |
D.Further loss of land owing to rising waters could cause armed conflicts. |
A.To advise people to move house. | B.To tell new research. |
C.To warn the danger of conflicts. | D.To appeal for environmental protection. |
A.A science magazine. | B.A geography textbook. |
C.Science fiction. | D.A medical journal. |
Bats are the only mammals(哺乳动物) that can fly a great distance, but they have another ability. Many bats live a very long time for an animal of their size. European researchers are studying bats to understand why they live so long. They hope to make discoveries aimed at fighting the aging process in human beings.
Last week, the group of scientists said they had identified important biological qualities in some bat species. The group studied bat chromosomes(染色体), a line of genes found in the nucleus(细胞核) of cells. The scientists were most interested in structures connected to the ends of the chromosomes. They are called telomeres(端粒), which protect the ends of chromosomes and shorten each time a cell divides. Scientists believe this shortening process causes cells to breakdown. They say this is what causes aging.
The European researchers studied 493 bats from four bat species. The group used information that had been gathered over more than 60 years. Of these animals ,the greater mouse-eared bat generally lived the longest, an average of 37 years. The scientists said this and a related species, which are grouped together under the name Myotis, had telomeres that did not shorten with age. Another Myotis bat holds the record for oldest age, reaching 41years. The scientists’ findings suggest that these bats cells have the ability to maintain and repair their telomeres. This, they said, helps guard against the aging process.
Based on its body size, a bat like the greater mouse-eared bat would be expected to live four years. But, these mammals have been found to live nearly 10 times longer than that. The scientists found that only 19 species of mammals live longer than humans when their body size is considered. Eighteen of these are bats.
【小题1】European researchers are studying bats mainly hoping to .A.learn the living habit of bats. |
B.find out why bats enjoy a long life. |
C.try to understand why bats can fly as a mammal |
D.discover a good way to prevent human beings from aging. |
A.The structures of bats’ chromosomes. |
B.What cause aging biologically. |
C.The functions of telomeres. |
D.What causes cells to break down. |
A.they are grouped together under the name Myois |
B.their telomeres are decreasing with age |
C.their ells are able to keep up and fix their telomeres |
D.their bodies produce more telomeres than human beings |
A.bats live 10 times longer that human beings |
B.bats enjoy the longest life among mammals |
C.bats like the greater mouse-eared bat should have lived longer |
D.Most bats live longer than human beings considering their body size |
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