As the weather gets colder, we start wearing jackets, and most of us stop thinking about the sun. But the sun's rays can be just as harmful when it’s cold and cloudy outside. "Any exposed area of your body can still get sunburned," Dr. Apple A. Bodemer, an assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, told Live Science.
Whether you spend a day on the slopes or clearing snow out of your driveway, your face is still getting exposed to the sun's radiation in the form of ultraviolet (紫外线)(UV) light, which can go deep into your skin cells, causing DNA damage, according to Bodemer.
The sun's long ultraviolet A (UVA) waves can cause earlier aging and wrinkles, while its shorter ultraviolet B (UVB) rays are known for causing skin reddening and bums.
Skin damage caused by UV exposure increases over time. More exposure to radiation contributes to severer damage, even skin cancer. In addition, snow and ice can also make sun damage worse. They reflect up to 80 percent of UV rays reaching the ground. That means you get heat from both the sky and the ground. And skiers and snowboarders increase their risk of getting sunburned even more because UV exposure increases at higher altitudes.
"Generally, the biggest factor for sun-sensitivity is how pale your skin is," Bodemer said. "But the reality is that even the individual with the darkest skin can get sun damage."
Luckily, the solution to protecting your skin is simple: Wear sunscreen every day. Rigel recommended using sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30, and that SPFs go higher at higher altitudes. As a rule of thumb, SPF 30 will block 97 percent of UVB rays, SPF 50 blocking 98 percent, and SPF 100 blocking 99 percent. Whatever kind of sunscreen you use, it's important to apply it once about every 2 hours.
Rigel also suggested sunscreens with "broad spectrum" — to protect against both UVB and UVA rays — as well as sunscreens that are water-resistant for up to 80 minutes. That way, you can go about your day without it wearing off too quickly.
【小题1】Which of the statements best describes UV light?A.UVB rays cause much less damage to skin than UVA rays. |
B.Skin damage from UV light can be totally prevented by sunscreen. |
C.Snow and ice make people suffer much more UV light damage. |
D.People outdoors needn't worry about getting sunburned on a cold day. |
A.Your skin color. | B.The clothes you wear. |
C.The altitude of your place. | D.The weather when you are outside. |
A.The lower the sunscreen's SPF is, the better effect it will have. |
B.People working on high mountains need sunscreen of SPF 30. |
C.Applying sunscreen once a day when you are outside is necessary. |
D.Water-resistant sunscreen can be applied once every 80 minutes. |
A.Being Exposed to Sun Rays | B.Ultraviolet A & Ultraviolet B |
C.Preventing Sunburn in Winter | D.Different Kinds of Sunscreens |
For those in search of safe, non-medicine sleep aids (助手), sound machines are a popular choice. The National Sleep Foundation recently found that 5% of Americans sleep with a “sound conditioner”. It can be a fan, phone app, or other noise-producing machines.
Michael Grandner, director of the Sleep and Health Research Program at the University of Arizona, says a sound conditioner is a lifesaver if you live where loud nighttime noise is common. But even if your bedroom is very quiet, sound machines can still be helpful if you’re the type of person unsettled by a total absence of noise, or if you’re a light sleeper who wakes from even the softest sound.
Research supports the idea that a little background sound can help people fall asleep. For a study in the journal Sleep Medicine, the researchers asked sleepers to listen to recorded hospital sounds either with or without a white noise machine. They found that those who slept with the white noise machine were hardly affected by the hospital sounds, while others who slept without white noise were easily awakened.
There’s also so-called “pink noise” and “brown noise”, which can sound similar to white noise. “I don’t think there’s enough evidence yet to say one type is better than another,” says Michelle Drerup, a sleep psychologist at the Cleveland Clinic. “I know from talking with my patients that some people prefer natural sounds, like a rainstorm. But others don’t want a sound at all when they sleep,” she says. “It all comes down to the individual (个人).”
For some, the best sound might be none. “Biologically (生物学上), you don’t need this sound to sleep,” says Michael Grandner, “and if you use it every night, you can get so used to it that you can’t sleep without it.” Most sleep experts agree. “I wouldn’t suggest people use sound machines to sleep unless they’re reporting difficulties with outside noises,” an expert says.
【小题1】According to the text, who should sleep with a sound conditioner?A.Those who fall asleep fast. |
B.Those who wake up easily. |
C.Those who live in a quiet street. |
D.Those who are afraid to sleep alone. |
A.Pink noise and brown noise are better. |
B.Sleeping without any noise is the best. |
C.It all depends on personal preferences. |
D.Natural sounds are the best for people. |
A.To use sound machines as little as possible. |
B.To see a doctor with your sleeping problems. |
C.To find a very quiet place to treat sleeping problems. |
D.To break the habits of sleeping with sound machines. |
A.Most Americans have a bad sleep. |
B.White noises are good for humans. |
C.Sound conditioners are a safe, non-medicine sleep aid. |
D.Not everyone should sleep with white noise machine. |
Why are people interested in eating raw foods or whole foods? One reason is that eating these types of food reduces the risk of acid accumulation in your body.
Raw and whole foods are usually digested more efficiently than cooked and refined foods. When we cook foods, we destroy the natural enzymes(酶) that are part of the food in its raw form. These enzymes were intended by nature to help us digest the food. When we consume food without these natural enzymes, our bodies either digest the food improperly or allow too many nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream. In both instances, the result is obesity. When too many nutrients are absorbed at once, the body grows fat. Improperly digested food moves slowly through the digestive tract, where it becomes increasingly acidic. To protect its vital organs from this acidic waste, the body changes the acid into fat and stores it safely away from the organs.
Processed foods contain chemical elements, which might confuse the appetite mechanism that tells us when we’ve had enough to eat; as a result, people often overeat. Processed foods also upset the digestive cycle. The body will either identify these foods as allergens and then store them safely away from the organs as fat, or the remains of undigested food will become acidic and enter the bloodstream as acid waste, which will stick to the blood vessel walls and block the passage of vital oxygen and nutrients heading for the body’s cells. The body’s metabolism (新陈代谢) becomes inactive, and the result is weight gain and obesity.
The accumulation of acid in the digestive tract makes digestion increasingly inefficient. When that happens, even healthy foods can become acidic and the food allergies will become more common.
To stop this vicious circle in its tracks, people need to consume food and supplements that will neutralize the acid already accumulated in body. Eating the right types of raw and whole foods can help. It’s also important to restore your enzyme balance. You need to identify and avoid the foods that cause acid accumulation and consume the foods that increase enzyme production. If you truly want to change and help your body heal itself, you need to take an active approach.
【小题1】It can be inferred from Para. 2 that ____________.A.foods with natural enzymes help people keep fit |
B.we’d better be cautious about raw and whole foods |
C.it is essential for people to protect their vital organs |
D.giving up cooked and refined foods is a new lifestyle |
A.destroy body’s cells | B.may lead to obesity |
C.are difficult to digest | D.stop body’s metabolism. |
A.To warn people of the problem of obesity. |
B.To advocate eating more raw and whole foods. |
C.To inform people of the harm of processed foods. |
D.To tell the differences between raw and processed foods. |
A.Different causes of acid accumulation. |
B.Correct ways to cook raw foods. |
C.Suitable types of raw and whole foods. |
D.Active approaches to avoid acid. |
Tackling lonely emotions
Do you feel lonely? The World Health Organization (WHO) recently addressed loneliness as a pressing health threat.
Loneliness is a state of mind marked by feelings of isolation despite wanting social connections. So people who are lonely usually experience the emotional pain of not being connected with others.
Social isolation impacts the health and well-being of all age groups across the world.
Social disconnection in adolescence can lead to poorer education outcomes, since young people who have experienced loneliness in high school are more likely to drop out of university. Lack of social connection carries a risk of early death equivalent to other better-known risk factors such as smoking, obesity and air pollution, or potentially even greater.
To tackle this crisis, the WHO launched the Commission on Social Connection, which held its first leadership meeting to outline solutions to build social connections at scale.
A.The following aspects are something concerning how to tackle loneliness. |
B.It called for countries and organizations to make social connections a priority. |
C.Solitude (独处) on the other hand, is voluntary. |
D.It can be a result of feeling stressed due to loneliness. |
E.According to the WHO, one in four old people experience social isolation. |
F.Loneliness cannot be identified as a fatal emotional factor, |
G.Loneliness not only has a far-reaching impact comparable to smoking up to 15 cigarettes a day according to a 2017 study. |
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