Writing, like so many inventions, came about by accident. About 6,000 years ago in Mesopotamia, 【小题1】 group of people known as the Sumerians created a new way of keeping track of trade. They made clay tokens(陶土币)【小题2】 (shape) like animals, jars and other goods, and recorded deals 【小题3】 covering the tokens up in clay envelopes. Once they'd closed the envelope, they could no longer see 【小题4】 was inside it.

By about 3100 BC, the envelopes 【小题5】 (turn) into simple squares of clay recording deals in symbols. At first, the Sumerians used simplified pictures. To speed things up, they stopped picturing real things on the clay, which allowed true writing. There were some 【小题6】 (problem) with writing in this way. Every time a word 【小题7】 (invent), someone had to invent a new mark. The Sumerians handled this problem by using words they could picture 【小题8】 (represent) words they couldn't.

Today, people in China still use a similar system, 【小题9】 they developed it independently perhaps about 3,500 years ago. Besides, they use 【小题10】 (complete) different symbols. Anyway, the Sumerians were the first to write. Without writing, there would be no history.

Cambridge Dictionary has declared "upcycling" as 【小题1】 Word of the Year 2019. The word refers to the act of making new items out of old or 【小题2】(use) things or waste materials.

【小题3】 number of times "upcycling" has been looked up on the Cambridge Dictionary website 【小题4】(rise) by 181% since December of 2011, 【小题5】 it was first added to the online dictionary. In the past year alone 【小题6】(search) for the word have doubled.

Wendalyn Nichols, Publishing Manager of Cambridge Dictionary, believes that the word's recent popularity is being caused by people's growing 【小题7】(aware)of climate change and other environmental issues. “【小题8】(stop) the gradual process of climate change, let alone changing it around 【小题9】   (absolute), can seem impossible at times. Upcycling is a concrete action a single human being can take 【小题10】 (make) a difference," he said.

Many other words on the shortlist for Word of the Year 2019 reflect the same concern with the effects of climate change, including "carbon sink" and "compostable".

People living in different countries made different kinds of words. Today there are about fifteen hundred 【小题1】(language) in the world. Each contains many thousands of words. A very large dictionary, for example, contains four 【小题2】 five hundred thousand words. But we do not need 【小题3】these. To read short stories you need to know only about two thousand words. 【小题4】you leave school, you will learn only one thousand or more. All these words 【小题5】 you learn are called your vocabulary. You should try to make your vocabulary 【小题6】(big). Read as many books as we can. There are a lot of books 【小题7】(write) in easy English. You will enjoy them. When you meet 【小题8】new word, look it 【小题9】in your dictionary. Your dictionary is your most 【小题10】(use) book .