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No one knows exactly when jazz was invented, or by whom. But it is said that it began in the early 1900s. Jazz was a new kind of music, for America and the world, and New Orleans was its birthplace.

Who were the jazz pioneers? Most were blacks. This music was not written down, and at first only blacks played it. It was hard for white musicians to learn the new style. But soon they, too, were playing jazz.

The popularity of this music spread. From New Orleans, it traveled up the Mississippi to Chicago, then to Kansas City and New York. By the 1920s, there were many jazz musicians, both black and white. Many of them were famous. One man was better than the rest. His name was Louis Armstrong.

Louis Armstrong was a born musician. He was not only talented but also hard—working. He also had a good sense of humor and a big, good—natured smile. These personal qualities were valuable in his rise to fame. After he became famous, he traveled around the world. It seemed that everyone wanted to hear Louis play. But life was not always easy, especially at the beginning.

Louis Armstrong was born in 1900 in New Orleans. His father never went to school and his mother could hardly read. When Louis was still a kid, his parents separated, and Louis lived with his mother. How hard their life was can readily be imagined. And yet Louis smiled through everything. He later wrote, "My whole life has been happiness. Life was there for me and I accepted it. Whatever happened has been beautiful to me. I love everybody."

【小题1】The underlined word "they" in Paragraph 2 refers to ________.
A.New stylesB.Jazz pioneers
C.White musiciansD.Black musicians
【小题2】What made Louis Armstrong become the best jazz musician?
A.His family background.B.His big, good- natured smiles.
C.His good sense of humor.D.His talent and hard work.
【小题3】What is the passage mainly about?
A.The development of jazz.
B.The development of jazz and its best musician.
C.The achievements of Louis Armstrong.
D.The influence of jazz on Americans.
16-17高一上·山东济宁·期中
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Weaving environment-friendly materials into beautiful clothing is normally brands' first step toward achieving sustainability.

Allbirds is a shoe brand founded in 2016 in New Zealand, which just entered China two years ago. Many influencers are fans of the brand, including Larry Page, the co-founder of Google, Dick Costolo, the former CEO of Twitter, actress Emma Watson, and actor Leonardo DiCaprio.

The brand chooses natural and sustainable wool from merino sheep as the main raw material, and it costs 60 percent less energy than producing typical synthetic (合成的) shoes; it sources tree fiber involved from farms in South Africa, where people minimize fertilizer and irrigate the land with rainfall, directly saving 95 percent water and cutting carbon footprint in half; sugarcane (甘蔗) involved is sourced from southern Brazil, which relies on rainwater as well.

The brand received Forest Stewardship Council certification, approving that it sources materials that meet strict standards to protect forests, and the animals and people who depend on them.

During China Fashion Week, which was recently held, an increasing number of Chinese brands showed their practice of sustainability. Demain presented the potential of plant-based regenerated fiber; Damowang formed recycled PET fabric into clothes, which cause 32 percent less carbon emission while producing comparing to normal PET fabric; I-La introduced new collection made from biodegradable (生物降解的) natural materials; Chicco Mao called attention to the catastrophic impact of global warming on coastal ecology through design.

According to the report, although the number of mass market retailers, who make products from sustainable materials, stays low, it has increased fivefold in the last two years.

Yan Yan, the head of Responsible Supply Chain Association, talked about sustainable fashion at China Fashion Summit on March 27. She said, “the realization of sustainable fashion counts on the transformation of the whole industry, involving designers' awareness, the selection of raw materials, manufacturing process, consumption concept and where these products will end up with.”

【小题1】Why is Allbirds mentioned in the text?
A.Because it is an influential brand in China.
B.Because it has attracted many celebrities as fans.
C.Because it has received approving certifications.
D.Because it stands out in sourcing natural materials.
【小题2】How does the writer develop the text?
A.By giving examples.B.By using figures.
C.By making comparisons.D.By proving facts.
【小题3】Which word best describes the writer's attitude towards this fashion trend?
A.Concerned.B.Objective.C.Optimistic.D.Unclear.
【小题4】What is the best title of the text?
A.Realization of Sustainability.B.Fashion Brands.
C.Sustainable Fashion.D.Sustainable Materials.

One of Britain’s few typical contributions to world culture may come to an end, according to a survey that suggests holiday postcards are being emailed and texted into extinction (消亡). More than half of the 1,000 holiday-makers interviewed said they had decided to send fewer cards, turning instead to their electronic competitors.

A quarter of the respondents (受访者) dismissed postcards as old-fashioned and slow to arrive. A further 14% admitted that thinking of something to fill the space was too challenging, compared with a call home. Although officially invented by a Hungarian, Emanuel Herrmann, in 1869, the idea of illustrated cards was taken up with most enthusiasm in Victorian Britain, joining Gothic architecture and landscape gardening as fields in which the country excelled.

“If the British postcard did become extinct, we would lose for ever something of great importance to the nation,” said Chris Mottershead of Thomson Holidays, which charged with the survey. He was backed by Marie Angelou of Sussex University, who has studied the importance of sending and receiving postcards. “Postcards are nothing like phone calls, instant texting and direct photo shots via the mobile,” she said. “All these are useful, practical devices, but postcards offer something else, something additional that is not mundane (世俗的) and simply functional, but imaginative and personal. They can produce the real atmosphere of your holiday in a way that nothing else can do. They’re also for more than a moment — with some people adding them to collections built up over years and years.”

Postcard-collecting, is third only to coins and stamps in Britain’s related tradition of collecting things. The country’s uniquely postcard-related achievements include the invention in 1902 of the“divided back”. With the address taking up half of the writing area, brief postcard scribbles (潦草的书写) became the forerunner to today’s text messages.

【小题1】What does the survey suggest?
A.Postcards are being emailed to people.B.Fewer people care about holidays.
C.Postcards are now less preferred.D.Paper cards are people’s favorite.
【小题2】What does the underlined phrase “was taken up with most enthusiasm” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A.Gained popularity.B.Took place.C.Came back.D.Went into service.
【小题3】What does Marie Angelou think of postcards?
A.Postcards are not as effective as phone calls.B.Postcards send information much more quickly.
C.Postcards should give way to text messages.D.Postcards carry more than what they show.
【小题4】What is the best title for the text?
A.Last Post for Britain’s Card Habit?B.Time for A Change?
C.Britain: Dreamland for Postcards?D.Fall of A Great Power?

Imagine this scene: it’s very windy outside, you’re snuggled up on the sofa under a warm blanket, chatting and talking about pleasant past events with your closest friends.

That comfortable feeling has a name in Danish—“hygge”. And, as Denmark recently won the title of ‘happiest country in the world’, the rest of the world is becoming more and more interested in finding ways to embrace this concept.

“Hygge”—originally from a Norwegian word meaning “wellbeing”—doesn't have an exact equivalent in English. It’s often translated as cosiness, or “cosiness of the soul.” But, as translator ToveMaren Stakkestad explains: “Hygge was never meant to be translated. It was meant to be felt.”

Essentially, Hygge involves creating a warm, cosy atmosphere and enjoying it with your loved ones. Danish winters are long and dark and so achieving “hygge” is particularly relevant during this season. A typical “hygge” activity during winter could be, enjoying delicious homemade food and light-hearted conversation with friends – preferably in the warm glow of candlelight; or maybe sipping a glass of warm wine in the hot tub after a day spent skiing.

However, Hygge isn’t only limited to the cold winter months—it can also describe that warm, fuzzy feeling you get after a walk through a forest with friends on summer’s day or a family barbecue in the park.

“Hygge” is currently taking the world by storm with more and more people becoming obsessed with achieving a state of wellbeing. Articles, books and stocking fillers, full of tips on how to achieve hygge, are hitting the market. Although some believe this has become a marketing and advertising action, the benefits of staying happy cannot be underestimated. So, as the winter nights draw in, instead of hibernating, get into your favourite pajama, bake some cookies and lie down by a roaring fire with a good book. And if you can do this with friends and family, even better—hygge is meant to be shared.

【小题1】Why is it difficult to translate “hygge” into English?
A.There is no such concept in English.B.Stakkestad hasn’t had this feeling.
C.It is to be experienced rather than talked about.D.Only the Norwegians can get into this state.
【小题2】Which of the following is most likely to help one feel “hygge”?
A.Regretting poor decisions.B.Selling tips on hygge in a market.
C.Cleaning homemade furniture.D.Being in the company of friends.
【小题3】The underlined phrase in the last paragraph means ________.
A.violently attacking the worldB.increasingly successful in the world
C.endlessly repeating itself in the worldD.highly unpopular in the world

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