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Scientists have created a new app designed to identify dangerous mosquitoes based on sounds the insects make. The app, called Abuzz, is aimed at helping fight major diseases spread by mosquitoes.

Haripriya Vaidehi Narayanan is one of the researchers who helped develop the app. Narayanan told VOA that anyone with a mobile phone could use the app to identify mosquitoes. “If they see a mosquito around, they just take out their phone, open up the app, point their phone towards the mosquito and hit the record button,”she said. “Then, when the mosquito flaps its wings and starts flying around, it makes that noise, that annoying buzzing noise. That noise is what gets recorded by the Abuzz app.” she added.

Many diseases that mosquitoes carry do not have cures or vaccines. So, targeting the flying insects is the best way to control them. “The most important step is to know where the mosquitoes are,” Narayanan said.

Traditional methods for hunting mosquitoes are costly and can take a very long time. The process also requires labor-intensive trapping as well as trained scientists to identify the insects.

Manu Prakash is a professor of bioengineering at Stanford University and a lead investigator on the project. He says that out of about 3,500 different mosquito species, only about 40 are dangerous to humans. Prakash says the goal of the project was to find out whether the mosquitoes around a person's house are just an annoyance, or whether they are possibly dangerous.

When mosquitoes move their wings up and down, they produce buzzing sounds. But each kind of mosquito makes a slightly different buzzing noise. The app records these sounds. Users of the app can get an answer by recording as little as one or two seconds of the buzzing sound. The app compares this recording to a collection of other recordings. It then predicts which species of mosquito it is most likely to be.

By making use of mosquito information worldwide, the app can help build maps of where dangerous mosquitoes are. This can help scientists and health officials identify areas where disease is likely to break out and where to target mosquito control.

【小题1】Why is it important to locate mosquitoes?
A.Because they are very small and hard to find.
B.Because diseases carried by them are a big problem.
C.Because mosquitoes flap their wings very quickly.
D.Because the buzzing noise of mosquitoes is annoying.
【小题2】What will Abuzz do after it records the sound of a mosquito?
A.Compare it to a database and identify its species.
B.Make a somewhat different buzzing noise.
C.Release some chemicals to kill the mosquito.
D.Draw a map of the place where the mosquito was.
【小题3】In which way could Abuzz help people?
A.It can help people control the number of mosquitoes.
B.It can help people avoid some species of mosquitoes.
C.It can help predict where mosquito-carried diseases are most likely to occur.
D.It can help record the mosquito hiding places very quickly.
【小题4】What is the best title for the passage?
A.The Different Species of Mosquitoes in the World
B.New Ways to Fight Disease Caused by Mosquitoes
C.How to Identify Sounds Made by Different Mosquitoes
D.A New App That Can Identify Dangerous Mosquitoes
21-22高三上·黑龙江黑河·阶段练习
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Horseshoe crabs are often called living fossils. These primitive arthropods have lived on earth for 360 million years, largely in the same form as they appear today. Despite their long history, the horseshoe crab’s existence is now threatened by human activities, including harvesting for medical research.

Any time a foreign object or substance enters the human body, there’s a risk of introducing infection. If you’ve had a vaccination, a surgery of any kind, or had a medical device implanted in your body, you owe your very survival to the horseshoe crab.

Horseshoe crabs have copper-rich blood that appears to be striking blue in color. Proteins in the horseshoe crab’s blood cells are released in response to even the smallest amount of bacterial endotoxin (内毒素), such as E. coli. The presence of bacteria causes horseshoe crab blood to clot or gel, part of its hypersensitive immune response system.

In the 1960s, two researchers, Frederick Bang and Jack Levin, developed a method of using these coagulation (凝固) factors to test for contamination (污染) of medical devices. By the 1970s, their Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test was being used commercially to make sure everything from scalpels (手术刀) to artificial hips (髋关节) is safe for introduction in the human body.

While such testing is crucial to safe medical treatments, the practice takes a toll on horseshoe crab populations. Horseshoe crab blood is in high demand, and the medical testing industry catches as many as 500,000 horseshoe crabs each year to drain them of their blood. The crabs aren’t killed outright in the process; they’re caught, bled, and released. But biologists suspect the stress results in a percentage of the released horseshoe crabs dying once back in the water. Fortunately, management practices are in place now to protect the species.

In addition to their value in medical research, horseshoe crabs fill important ecological roles. Their smooth, wide shells provide the perfect substrate (基质) for many other marine organisms to live on. As it moves along the ocean’s bottom, a horseshoe crab may be carrying mussels, barnacles, tube worms, sea lettuce, sponges, and even oysters. Horseshoe crabs deposit their eggs by the thousands along sandy shorelines, and many migratory shorebirds, including red knots, rely on these eggs as a source of fuel during their long flights.

【小题1】What feature of horseshoe crabs helps save lives?
A.They can improve their immune system.B.Their blood is sensitive to bacteria.
C.They have copper-rich blood cells.D.Their blood is striking blue.
【小题2】Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined phrase “take a toll on” in Paragraph 5?
A.Make use of.B.Do harm to.C.Run out of.D.Contribute to.
【小题3】How are the ecological roles of horseshoe crabs explained in the last paragraph?
A.By giving examples.B.By making a comparison.
C.By quoting experts.D.By offering a definition.
【小题4】On which type of website can we possibly read this passage?
A.Science.B.Travel.C.Business.D.Life.

Mice are used in lab tests all over the world. But why should they suffer this pain?

In the United States alone, more than 100 million lab mice are killed every year. Some of them are slowly poisoned (毒害) to death. Some are placed on hot plates, heated to 60 ℃, to see how long it takes for them to respond to the heat. Some are given deadly diseases. Some have holes drilled into their skulls (头盖骨) for brain experiments. And in some experiments, mice's tails are cut off without painkillers.

Mice are mammals (哺乳动物).They have nervous systems similar to ours. They also feel pain, fear and loneliness — just as we do. Mice are social animals. They also love their families. They “talk” with each other using sounds that the human ear cannot hear.

Although lab mice suffer as much as lab dogs and lab cats, they are not given as much protection as the dogs and the cats are. Labs can use as many mice as they want to. They don’t even have to count the mice they kill. Few of them are looking for modern alternatives.

Perhaps you can help make a difference. Do not support companies that test on mice or other animals. You can let more people know the facts about lab mice by setting up open classes in your neighborhood. Also, you can ask the local labs to think twice before doing experiments using mice.

【小题1】According to the author, how many lab mice are killed in the United States every year?
A.Over 1,000.B.Over 100,000.
C.Over 1,000,000.D.Over 100,000,000.
【小题2】We can learn from the third paragraph that ________.
A.both human beings and mice have the same nervous systems
B.mice can talk with each other, but human beings cannot hear their talks
C.mice are often given painkillers before painful experiments
D.many labs have realized that mice should be given more protection
【小题3】According to the author, we can do all of the following to “make a difference” EXCEPT _________.
A.stopping supporting companies that test on mice
B.letting more people know the facts about lab mice
C.supporting companies that test on animals except mice
D.asking the local labs to think twice before testing on mice
【小题4】By writing this article, the author mainly wanted to ________.
A.explain why labs around the world used mice in experiments
B.introduce his experiences of saving mice from painful experiments
C.tell people that mice had played an important role in scientific development
D.encourage people to do something to protect lab mice

Humans have always assumed that there is a huge gulf between animal behavior and human development. However, recent research into animals shows that animals are continuously designing innovative methods to finish their tasks. Examining the nature and results of their creativity can help us understand evolution.

Research shows that animals too can be creative. By inventing new behavioral patterns and adjusting their behavior to new contexts, as well as to changes in social and ecological environments, researchers show that animal innovation too can be diverse. For instance, chimpanzees (猩猩) use tools such as sharp spines and stalks to remove the hearts of palm vegetables from trees. Herring gulls (鲜鱼海鸥) found out quite a cruel way of killing rabbits-drowning them in the sea.

Innovative species tend to survive when they enter new places, but novel behavior cannot be recognized unless “normal” behavior is studied. Researchers can now count and document the innovations that have been created by species, which would help them to quantify their creativity. Studies also show us that all animals are not equally inventive, with primates (灵长目动物) tending to be more innovative due to their bigger brains.

The greatest scientific significance has been the innovation shown by animals such as apes, capuchins and macaques among primates. These species of primates possess the biggest brains in proportion to their body sizes. They are also heavy tool users. Their broad diets and complex forms of learning are also insightful. They indicate an evolutionary strategy that gave them new solutions to life’s challenges.

However, even if these animals show innovativeness, they do not have the ability to improve upon solutions of others. Unless they share information accurately and copy each other’s inventions. their creative inventions are likely to vanish before they can be innovated further. This ability can be managed only by humans, for we are able to build on shared knowledge.

【小题1】What does the underlined word “gulf” in the first paragraph mean?
A.Difference.B.Conflict.C.Balance.D.Connection.
【小题2】Why does the author mention “chimpanzees” and “Herring gulls” in Paragraph 2?
A.They are both creative.
B.They are both heavy tool users.
C.They create innovations in different ways.
D.They kill other animals in the same cruel way.
【小题3】What can we learn about animal creativity?
A.It is equally distributed among animals.
B.It helps animals adapt to the environment.
C.Animals’ innovations are easy to be identified.
D.Animals’ innovations are facing huge challenges.
【小题4】What aspect of animals does the last paragraph mainly talk about?
A.Their ability to share information accurately.
B.Their willingness to learn from each other.
C.Their inability to take creativity forward.
D.Their unwillingness to cooperate effectively.

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