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No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo. But a new study suggests they used a little rock ‘n’ roll. Long-ago builders could have attached wooden poles to the stones and rolled them across the sand, the scientists say.

“Technically, I think what they're proposing is possible,” physicist Daniel Bonn said.

People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks. And there's no obvious answer. On average, each of the two million big stones weighed about as much as a large pickup truck. The Egyptians somehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one kilometer away.

The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths. Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds(滑板). Then they would have dragged them along paths. To make the work easier, workers may have lubricated the paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle. Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand. .

Evidence from the sand supports this idea. Researchers found small amounts of fat, as well as a large amount of stone and the remains of paths.

However, physicist Joseph West, who led the new study, thinks there might have been a simpler way. West said, “I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction. I thought, ‘Why don't they just try rolling the things?’” A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides, he realized. That, he noted, should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”.

So he tried it. He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30-kilogram stone block. That action turned the block into somewhat a wheel. Then they placed the block on the ground.

They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled. The researchers found they could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths. They calculated that rolling the block required about as much force as moving it along a slippery(滑的) path.

West hasn't tested his idea on larger blocks, but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding. At least, workers wouldn't have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.

【小题1】It's widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by _________.
A.rolling them on roadsB.pushing them over the sand
C.sliding them on smooth pathsD.dragging them on some poles
【小题2】What does the underlined part “lubricated the paths” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A.Made the paths wet.B.Made the paths hard.
C.Made the paths wide.D.Made the paths slippery.
【小题3】Why is rolling better than sliding according to West?
A.Because more force is needed for sliding.
B.Because rolling work can be done by fewer cattle.
C.Because sliding on smooth roads is more dangerous.
D.Because less preparation on paths is needed for rolling.
【小题4】What is the text mainly about?
A.An experiment on ways of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
B.An application of the method of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
C.An argument about different methods of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
D.An introduction to a possible new way of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
20-21高二上·全国·课时练习
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For those who always want to try out new things and to experience exciting flavors that come directly from Mother Earth, foraging subscription boxes (觅食订阅箱) can provide wild ingredients (材料) that no traditional supermarket has on its shelves.

Oak leaf tea, acom coffee, and pine pollen syrup are just a few of the seasonal ingredients people can now get thanks to projects such as the Forage Box. This delivery service collects wild food very few people know about, and sends it to the subscribers monthly. In this way, everyone can surprise their loved ones with delicious meals.

“The flavors are big and bold that’s the point. The idea is to show there’s a lot more going on when nature gets to farm it,” said Jim Parum, creator of the Forage Box. Since he started the project, he spends his days foraging for ingredients in environments such as the countryside, forests and the coast. The idea of the Forage Box is not to send out meal boxes but new ingredients, so information about cooking these wild items is also offered in the boxes. Delicious and inspiring recipes can also be found on the company’s website.

Underlying this project is the belief that nature has a lot to offer and can provide us with much   tastier and healthier ingredients than those in the supermarket. The project works well as people   are looking for ways to deal with the challenge of climate change while living healthier lives.

In the past, organic food was only available in specialty health food stores, but now it has a much more mainstream (主流) following worldwide. In the United States alone, it reached 50 billion   dollars in value in 2019, up from 13.26 billion in 2005. This shows growth of nearly 300 percent over this period.

Miles Irving, an international wild food expert, said, “For us, foraged food is a very powerful way to reconnect people with the land, and this provides all sorts of benefits to physical, mental, emotional and community health.”

【小题1】What can we say about the idea of the Forage Box?
A.It is simple.B.It is creative.C.It is crazy.D.It is traditional.
【小题2】What will also be included in the boxes sent by the Forage Box?
A.Cooking directions.B.Shopping guidance.
C.Brand advertising.D.Packaged meals.
【小题3】The Forage Box runs well mainly because people _______.
A.like to lead a green lifestyle by choosing healthy food in nature
B.believe it will help them develop good eating habits
C.expect to surprise their loved ones with tasty food
D.are curious to try unfamiliar food in nature
【小题4】What do the data in Paragraph 5 suggest?
A.Food prices have risen sharply.B.Food quality has improved a lot.
C.Organic food has gained in popularity.D.The variety of food has changed quickly.

I’ve lived in Cardigan Bay(卡迪根海湾) in West Wales since I was a few months old. You’ve got everything you need here. Hills, stunning beaches, nice coastal paths. As someone who loves the countryside, I’ve never wanted to leave.

I was lucky to find work I could do in this area. A lot of people do have to move away in order to find work. I started Adventure Beyond here about 30 years ago and we work all over the UK. We go up to Scotland, we work along the Thames. We’ve also taken groups to Canada, the Himalayas, places like that. But honestly, West Wales has got everything. We can do everything we need right here.

Cardigan Bay is pretty huge, but I find having grown up here there’s a definite sense of place. There’s an awareness that we’re lucky to have these incredible sandy beaches, pebbly beaches, beautiful rivers, hills. It’s peaceful, and it’s not overdeveloped. Of course, there’re periods when it gets busy, but then the second schools go back and you pretty much get the beaches to yourself. There is a sense of community (群体) too, with a lot of good community-based clubs, such as the Poppit Sands Surf Lifesaving Club.

I set up Adventure Beyond to make my own work in the area. I love the outdoors, and I wanted to be in Cardigan Bay, so it was perfect. I’ve tried to always keep that personal touch. The clients (客户) will pretty much always meet myself and all the staff. We took a lot of people on through the Kickstart scheme (启动计划) and they’ve been employed with us for a few years. A lot of our clients have been with us since we started, too. There’s a sense of family, which is quite special.

I won’t mention a specific favorite place, but in general the beaches are just amazing. It’s just a sort of wild west, really.

【小题1】What is Adventure Beyond?
A.A travel agency.B.A government program.
C.An outdoor activity center.D.A community-based club.
【小题2】What is Cardigan Bay like in the author’s eyes?
A.It gives a sense of belonging.B.It’s undeveloped but peaceful.
C.Its beauty hasn’t been noticed.D.It has the best beaches in the world.
【小题3】What does the underlined “it” refer to?
A.Keeping that personal touch.B.Getting the beaches back to the locals.
C.Enjoying outdoor activities with clients.D.Starting Adventure Beyond in Cardigan Bay.
【小题4】What is the text mainly about?
A.The author’s simple life in Cardigan Bay.B.The author’s deep love for Cardigan Bay.
C.The author’s exploration of Cardigan Bay.D.The author’s hope for the future Cardigan Bay.

Yellowstone National Park is boiling. The Wyoming park is filled with hot springs and geysers—all fueled by a bubbling (沸腾的) supervolcano.

Scientists agree the Yellow stone supervolcano is unlikely to blow anytime soon. Should it erupt, it would be a disaster. The eruption would shoot out enough rock and ash to cover most of the United States.

So in 2017, NASA scientists ran a thought experiment to see if they could stop a future super-eruption. The study was led by Brian Wilcox. His team came up with the idea of drilling a series of wells around the edge of the park and pumping cold water down into the hot rock. This would cool the boiling rock and prevent a disaster. As a bonus, the system would provide enough geothermal energy to power the entire country. The idea, however, has reached a standstill. Yellowstone and other national parks have long been protected from commercial energy development to ensure that these regions remain untouched.

Nowhere has geothermal energy had a greater effect on the environment than in New Zealand. Much like Yellowstone, the Wairakei Basin of the country’s north island was once a bubbling scene where 70 geysers periodically fired jets of water into the air. That is, until1958, when a geothermal power plant was developed nearby. Today, Wairakei does not host a single geyser. The power plant destroyed all 70 of them, along with 240 hot springs.

Should a project like this take place at the edges of Yellowstone National Park, it could easily leave the surface features untouched and still drill deep enough to generate geothermal power. Indeed, that was NASA’s supposed solution.

But Richards does not like the idea. Even if a geothermal power plant did not destroy the region’s features—from geysers and hot springs to mudpots—the plant would not go unnoticed in such an untouched area.

【小题1】Why did the NASA scientists carry out the study?
A.To discover more clean and sustainable energy.
B.To estimate Yellowstone supervolcano’s danger.
C.To seek how to prevent a future volcanic eruption.
D.To drill wells to provide easier access to hot water.
【小题2】What does the underlined phrase in Paragraph 3 mean?
A.Come to a temporary stop.B.Won governmental approval.
C.Led to a major breakthrough.D.Aroused much public concern.
【小题3】What happened to geysers in the Wairakei Basin since a power plant was built?
A.They disappeared completely.B.They mixed with hot springs.
C.They became more powerful.D.They were put into better use.
【小题4】Why does Richards disapprove of building a power plant there?
A.It could destroy the geysers in the park.
B.It would conflict with NASA’s solution.
C.It might result in violent volcanic eruptions.
D.It would hurt the original scenery of the park.

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