No matter how exciting space exploration sounds, there’s a vital point about it that needs to be considered: food supplies. Right now, astronauts typically rely on dry food in airtight bags and cans, since there are strict weight limits on items taken into space. Foods that we take for granted, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, are out of the question for space explorers.
For those who’ve attempted to grow food during space missions, they’ve faced many difficulties, including the absence of gravity, and a lack of soil, air and humidity (湿度). However, as Shane Topham, an engineer with Space Dynamics Laboratory at Utah State University in the US, told NASA, “Growing food to supplement and minimize the food that must be carried to space will be increasingly important on long-duration missions.”
Great efforts have been made to explore the concept of space farming. Recently, a team led by Federico Maggi at the University of Sydney in Australia figured out how plants can absorb nutrients from human urine (尿), as reported by New Scientist on March 27.
After over 20 years of experiments, the results suggested that human urine could supply three to four out of the six nutrients that plants need. The researchers also found out that urine-fertilized plants produce no harmful by-products, such as carbon dioxide or ammonia (氨).
According to New Scientist, human urine is 95 percent water, with the other 5 percent composed of nutrients which are harmful to the human body but not to plants. The advantage of this urine-fueled life support system is obvious: By recycling liquid waste and producing food, an efficient cycle will be created.
And most importantly, said New Scientist, the duration of space missions will be greatly extended to “20 years of flight”, meaning we may be soon sending astronauts on missions to Mars, or even beyond.
【小题1】Space farming is important mainly because ________.A.food brought from Earth goes bad easily during space flights |
B.it will keep astronauts busy when they are on long-term space missions |
C.it could provide fresh food and reduce the need to bring food from Earth |
D.it’s a way for astronauts to learn more about the environment in space |
A.Human urine is harmless to plants. |
B.Human urine provides six necessary nutrients for plants. |
C.Urine fertilizer is safer and more productive than chemical fertilizer. |
D.Urine-fertilized plants only release a small amount of carbon dioxide. |
A.It could pave the way for long-term space flights. |
B.It does little harm to the environment in space. |
C.It will greatly reduce the cost of farming in space. |
D.Urine-fertilized plants are healthier and taste better. |
A.The significance of space farming. |
B.A possible new way to grow food in space. |
C.How to use human urine to produce food in space. |
D.Problems facing astronauts on long-term space flights. |
In general, just about every mammal (哺乳动物) relies on a community of gut bacteria (肠道细菌) for health and survival. Many animals have even developed to the point that closely related host species typically share more similar gut bacteria. But a new study has identified a converse phenomenon on one group of mammals — bats. The gut bacteria of closely related bats can be totally distinct from each other.
To learn about the relationships between bats and their gut bacteria, post-doctoral researcher Holly Lutz and her co-workers took samples of bacteria from the skin, tongues, and guts of 497 bats from 31 different species in Kenya and Uganda. They discovered bats have fewer bacterial species living in their guts than in their mouths and on their skin. What’s more, gut bacteria living in different bats are individually distinctive, following no apparent pattern. This struck the scientists as strange, since for most other mammals that have been studied, closely related hosts share more similar gut bacteria.
“There’s essentially no relationship between bats’ gut bacteria and their evolutionary (进化的) history,” says Lutz. While host identity is still an important factor in predicting the species of gut bacteria, this may simply be tied to where those bats live and what they eat. The fact that bats’ gut bacteria are more closely tied to where bats live than where those bats fall on the bat family tree indicates that developing a special relationship with just-right gut bacteria may not have been as important for bats as it has been for other mammals.
Lutz suspects that bats’ unique relationships with gut bacteria are related to the feature that sets them apart from other mammals: their ability to fly. “Bats have extremely shortened guts,” she explains. “Food takes just fifteen to thirty minutes to pass through a bat’s digestive system, a third as long as it would take for a similarly sized animal. That’s likely because a long, winding digestive canal would weigh the bats down.”
【小题1】Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “converse” in paragraph 1?A.Typical. | B.Potential. | C.Inspiring. | D.Opposite. |
A.Gut bacteria vary with related bats. | B.Mammals share similar gut bacteria. |
C.There are 497 varieties of bats in Kenya. | D.Bats have the most bacteria in their mouths. |
A.To quicken their food digestion. | B.To make them lighter for flight. |
C.To help improve their ability to fly. | D.To fit in with their digestive system. |
A.Bats contain a diverse range of bacteria. |
B.Bats don’t seem to need gut bacteria to evolve. |
C.Bacteria play a big role in bats’ health and survival. |
D.Bats don’t rely on gut bacteria the way other mammals do. |
Erin Alexander was having a hard day. A waitress working at Starbucks was too. Erin ordered an iced green tea and told the waitress to cheer up. After picking up the order, she noticed a message on the cup: “Erin, your soul is golden.” Erin Alexander recalled the incident, “Of course, I was still really sad, but that little thing made the rest of my day.”
New findings, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology in August, prove just how powerful experiences like Erin’s can be. Researchers found that people who perform a random act of kindness tend to underestimate how much the recipient will appreciate it. And they believe that miscalculation could hold many of us back from doing nice things for others more often.
A recent experiment recruited 84 participants at an ice skating rink in Chicago, where they were given a hot chocolate and asked to keep it or give it to a stranger as an act of kindness. The 75participants who gave away their hot chocolate were asked to predict how the recipient would feel on a scale from 0(very small) to 10(very large), and the recipients were then asked to report their actual feelings on the same scales.
In that experiment, the people doing the kind thing consistently underestimated the appreciation they receive, according to Amit Kumar, a psychology professor at the University of Texas. “People tend to think that what they are giving is kind of little, maybe it’s relatively inconsequential,” Dr. Kumar said. “But recipients are less likely to think along those lines. They consider the gesture to be significantly more meaningful because they are also thinking about the fact that someone did something nice for them.” Dr. Kumar continued, “With an experiment like this, I hope it will inspire more people to actually commit random acts of kindness.”
【小题1】What’s the function of paragraph 1?A.To present a fact. | B.To introduce the topic. |
C.To describe a scene. | D.To explain an opinion. |
A.All participants give away their hot chocolate. |
B.Recipients received kind gestures from their friends. |
C.Recipients showed more appreciation than givers think. |
D.Participants reported their feelings on a scale from 0 to 10. |
A.Insignificant. | B.Substantial. |
C.Beneficial. | D.Unbelievable. |
A.The Power of Small Acts of Kindness. | B.The Magic of Receivers’ Appreciation |
C.The Importance of Appreciating Kindness. | D.The Impact of a Simple Message on a Cup. |
Crying is often associated with emotions like anger, frustration, or sadness.
Tears contain enzymes, lipids, electrolytes, and metabolites. But emotional tears might also include other proteins and hormones (荷尔蒙). It is assumed that release of stress hormones may help regulate the body’s physical and emotional homeostasis (体内平衡).
Crying in any scene could also be our way of showing weakness as human beings.
Yet other scientists suggest that all types of crying come from feelings of frustration and them coming on. When you cry, it feels like you are releasing some of these emotions. Similarly, helplessness.
A.When we cry, we signal to others to sympathize us. |
B.In a word, crying may calm you and regulate your mood. |
C.It has been proven to be beneficial to the mental well-being. |
D.Happy crying is a common occurrence, and it’s perfectly normal. |
E.Crying almost feels unavoidable when experiencing a strong emotion. |
F.When you think of happiness, you almost certainly don’t think of tears. |
G.An early theory suggested that this happened as a result of depressed feelings. |
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